Seventy-Third Year
EarED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERsTfrY OF M CHTGAN
°_ UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTOL of STUDENT PUBLICATIN-
. Oi STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG., ANN AwBoR, MicH., PHoNE NO 2-241
Truth Will Prevail",
Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers
or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints.
SDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1963 NIGHT EDITOR: GERALD STORCH
FEIFFER
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Breaking the Law:
Why Not?
[E QUESTION posed by Ann Arbor sit-in
demonstrators is that of when is violation
f the law justified.
There are undoubtedly times when it is. One
oes nlot hesitate to speed when taking an in-
ured man to the hospital. It is even expected
hat the law will be lenient under extreme cir-
Lmstances-that, in short, the violation of the
iw was justified on a higher basis and that
he violator should not be punished. That,
igher basis is justice; laws are made to secure
and their violation is condoned when they
ave failed to do so. °
An individual always has the prerogative of
ot obeying the law. If it is assumed that the
emonstrators were trying to act in the interest
I justice, it must be determined if a violation
f the law permits this interest to be realized.
;UCH ACTIONS could pose a threat to the
social order. If everyone felt that he should
iolate the law whenever greater justice would
esult, then there would be chaos and social
pheaval. This is a valid point; however there
s a reason why it is not very important.
This reason is that it is foolish to suppose
hat everyone will violate the law when justice
tight call for it. The possible legal punishment
lone is a strong deterrent. Then there is the
pinion of neighbors who might not agree with
he reasoning that sometimes calls for break-
zg the law. There is also the consideration that
iost people would probably not break the law
nless they were quite, quite sure that justice
mld be best served in that way.
T IS POSSIBLE to argue that to violate any
law is to deny the "legitimacy" of the gov-
.nment. Hopefully such a phrase could be
efined to mean denying the right of the gov-
rnment to miake laws controlling the individ-
al. But such a denial is not necessarily implied
i the actions of the demonstrators.
In the last analysis; obeying a law is always
matter of expediency. An example was cited
irlier of violating a law because it was in-,
cpedient to follow it at a particular time.
ases where. this is so are quite numerous for
ost people. Yet few would say that to violate
law on occasion, at times when one felt that
istice was better served through the violation,
ould be to deny the legitimacy of the gov-
rnment. The very fact that the courts often
treat such violations with understanding and
leniency further re-enforces this point.
IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE that, on the whole, it
is far better to have people always obey the
law than to have them continually deciding
whether or not they should. However it must
be kept in mind that in the Ann Arbor case
the demonstrators were convinced that they
were acting in the interest of justice.
While no doubt this judgement is somewhat
subjective, there is no reason why these people
should assume otherwise just because to pursue
their course of action required a violation of
the law. Keeping in mind the reasons for not
violating the law, it can be seen that none are
of a moral nature. There is no reason of this
sort to stop the demonstrators from taking
such an alternative.
TH E QUESTION REMAINS of how a jury
should react to such a demonstration. Even
when it sees that justice was better served by
violating a law, it cannot easily condone the
action. To do so would have two undersirable
consequences. It would encourage further viola-
tions on what could well be less just grounds.
But, more importantly, it would place in the
hands of a jury a decision that it would find
very difficult to make.
A jury would have to decide if an action,
though it violated the law, was in the spirit of
the law-that is to say, whether it was a just
action. Undoubtedly local juries in Alabama
could consider the killing of a Negro girl down
there just, if they were to look at it with no
consideration of the law. Therefore, though
it is unfortunate, it is probably necessary that,
juries place the law above the justice of an
action except in the most extreme of cases.
rTm E IMPLICATION that follows for those
who wish to serve justice is clear. They must
try not to get caught, or they must be so sure
that a great deal more justice will come from
conspicuously violating the law that it is worth
getting caught and punished,
The Ann Arbor sit-in demonstrators must
expect to be punished. In the greatest interests
of justice, they should be. But this is not to
say that their breaking of the loitering law was
not justified. They had no moral reason not
to. Perhaps not even time will tell if justice
did, give them a reason.
-EDWARD HERSTEIN
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FISCAL REFORM PLAN:
Double Tax or obeak
CAMPUS:
Short Subject
Steals the Show
(EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the
seventh in a series of articles in-
vestigating Gov. George Romney's
proposed fiscal reform program.)
By STEVEN HALLER
rJfHE NINTH specific legislation
included in Gov. George Rom-
ney's 12-part plan concerns the
tax on intangibles-stocks, bonds
and bank accounts.
Romney calls for repeal of this
levy, saying that "under a tax
structure geared to personal and
corporate income taxes, the in-
tangibles tax represents double
taxation on businesses and in-
dividuals, and thus would be un-
fair."
The same tax is also levied on
banks, but the governor plans to
replace the tax here with a 5.5
per cent levy on bank income.
Noting that the move will result
in a $35 million loss to the state,
Romney explains that this amount
will be made up elsewhere. "This,"
he adds, "is tax justice."
* * *
THE ISSUE of whether or not
the intangibles tax does indeed
constitute a form of double taxa-
tion is not a clear-cut matter.
Romney is basing his proposal on
the general conception that the
stockholders of a corporation are
the corporation.
This can be said because they
have the right to vote and are
liable for the debts of the com-
pany, proponents of repeal of the
intangibles tax point out. Since
the corporation would already be
taxed on its profits under Rom-
ney's proposed corporate income
tax, these individuals say, taxing
dividends from the stocks and
bonds is taxing the same source
twice.
Those who are against repealing
the tax, however, call this line of
reasoning "legal doubletalk," say-
ing that the stockholders can
only lose the amount originally
invested.
If the corporation makes money,
so dd the stockholders. But if the
corporation loses money, the stock-
holders, rather than being liable
for the company's debts, only lose
money in the sense that they are
not getting any returns on their
investment. Since the corporation
and the stockholders are separate
entities, those interested in re-
taining the intangibles tax argue
that the levy is not a double, tax.
*. * *
THE IDEA of an intangibles tax
as a source of income originally
arose to equalize the tax burden
being shouldered by those who
chose to put their money into
property instead of securities.
Since these, persons faced a pro-
perty tax on their investment;
buying securities was an easy way
to avoid taxation until legislators
conceived the intangibles tax.
As it is, most people do not
worry greatly over paying out
quite a bit through the intangibles
tax. Persons who do not have
many securities often neglect the
tax on them entirely and it is
collected from their estate upon
their death. Legally, collecting the
tax apparently raises problems
which are best solved by simply
allowing the holders of securities
to let the tax slide.
Furthermore, many stockhold-
ers hold stock in corporations
which are out-of-state firms and
pay no corporate tax to Michigan.
For such people, the "double taxa-
tion" argument only holds in a
peripheral sense as it is applied
to the state level, although it is
true at the federal level.
Slack
T HE BEST HOPE of balancing
the federal budget, it seems to
me, is a combination of two poli-
cies-a tax cut to stimulate the
growth of taxable income, and a
tremendous effort to control the
rise in expenditures. Of course,
this would mean some temporary
increase in the deficit until the ef-
fects of the tax cut and the econ-
omy drive took hold. It would
therefore involve some risk of re-
newed inflation.
At the moment, however, in-
flation is not a pressing problem
and strong inflationary pressures
are not likely to develop until we
take up the slack in the economy.
-Henry Ford II
THE PROPOSED 5.5 per cent
tax on financial institutions will
probably bring in less than the
amount now obtained from the tax
paid by the bank on checking
accounts and savings accounts,
which also fall under the heading
of intangibles.
One should also considerrthat
an individual is generally rather
well off before the intangibles tax
cuts into his pocketbook to any
great extent. The taxpayer is
exempted from the first $50 of
taxation on income he receives
from securities. At the current
rate of about two per cent, this
means that he will not be paying a
tax on the income until it reaches
$2500; and he will have had to
invest about $50,000 to realize such
a return.
If one assumes that repeal of
the intangibles tax will remove the
threat of double taxation from all
who hold securities, this cannot be
considered strictly accurate at the
state level as long as some persons
do not pay taxes on income from
out-of-state businesses and others
do not pay at all while they are
alive.
* * *
IN ADDITION, since those that
pay a large amount in intangibles
taxes are those who have enough
funds to pay for a large number of
securities, repeal of the intangibles
tax would spell a boon to many
wealthy people, banks and in-
surance companies.
Romney has announced a sys-
tem of statewide income taxes as
an integral part of his program.
If these are passed by the Legis-
lature, the governor's purported
avoidance of "double taxation"
will go up in smoke while the
taxpayers shell out on a state
income tax, a federal income tax
and (possibly) income taxes di-
vided between his place of employ-
ment and his home city.
Under such circumstances, the.
"double taxation" concept falls a
bit flat. Yet it undoubtedly will
still swing enough weight to pro-
voke some controversy in the up-
coming legislative session , as to
just how much "tax, justice" re-
pealing. the intangibles tax will
result in.
TPHE SHORT SUBJECT upstages the main feature at the Campus
Theatre this week. "Lord of the Flies," from William Golding's
novel, is intrinsically a bore and particularly anti-climactic following
Alan Resnais' documentary "Night and Fog."
The latte film is a study of the German concentration camps.
Other documentaries have been done before utilizing the same ghastly
newsreel footage, but this is a documentary with a difference.
The difference is that Resnais is an artist rather than a journalist,
and the results are clearly evident in the film's cinematic technique
and moral viewpoint.
Previous documentaries have not handled the subject adequately,
for the unrelieved horror of the Nazi nightmare merely numbs the
audience. Repeated scenes of bulldozers moving piles of bodies, of
mountains of human hair, of half-dead survivors are too much for
human sensibilities. Retreat into insensitivity is the only way to cope
with such horrors. Furthermore, these films have lacked moral view-
point, their aim being to present "just the facts."
Resnais' handling of the subject is, brilliant. The newsreel footage
is jarringly offset by pastoral scenes of the camps taken 15 years
later. Overgrown with weeds, the camps have an air of rustic innocence
about them. By contrasting scenes of unparalleled inhumanity with
scenes of picture-postcard serenity, Resnais effectively engages human
feeling.
TO THE CREDIT of all concerned, the essence of William Gold-
ing's novel has been left intact. Unfortunately, this does not atone
for Peter Brook's incredibly inept direction.
Where the novel was tight and fast-paced, the film is loose,
episodic and slow. The novel terrified because the school boys were
completely believable; the film bores because the characters are
mechanical and' lifeless. Finally, in place of subtle foreshadowing,
there are clumsy prophetic utterances.
We cannot identify with the characters for they are not real, and
we cannot be engaged by the suspense for there is none. The whole
point of the story is negated.
The boys, all amateur actors, who constitute the cast either froze
in front of the camera as a result of underdirection or were so over-
directed that they lost all their spontaneity. And spontaneity is what
they lack most of all. They explore their island like jaded tourists
rather than exhuberant school boys. Their dialogue is stilted, re-
sembling high school valedictorian addresses.
Director Peter Brook, with pretensions toward "art," has made
a fetish of shooting into the sun, a device which results in dark
silhouettes against a bright sky. Unfortunately, it expresses nothing
and is nothing more than a clever gimmick.
There are only two scenes in the entire picture which come alive.
In one, Piggy the intellectual occupies the youngest boys with a
pedantic description of his home town's origin and for a moment there
is a flash of wit. In tlie other, the boys plunging rapidly into savagery
stage a war dance that generates terror.
-Sam Walker
PREVIEW.
Sandor and the Music
!
TIE LIAISON
Barb~ara Lazarus, Personnel Director
.A
t ' .. f _
[HE UNIVERSITY and other large institu-
tions of higher learning are facing prob-
ms of a growing impersonalization in dealing
ith students and perhaps even a decline in the
rerall quality of their educational offerings.
hese problems, serious in themselves, have
isen. from the increase in applicants and
e lack of space available to handle them.
Most of this influx has -come from the
irge of war babies, who are now graduating
om high school. But there are other factors
s well. High schools seem to have come alive
1 the last ten years, stressing college educa-
on and beefing up programs to prepare stu-
mts for higher education, college testing and
ivanced placement. Many high schools are
scouraging dropouts and urging young people
ithout financial means to seek scholarships
r college.
High schools, although they are growing in
ze, have stressed more personalized attention,
nd the entering freshman is often disillusion-
i by its absence when he first enters a uni-
ersity.
FINANCIAL SQUEEZE, especially in state-
supported schools, has prevented extensive
cpansion to meet this push, and the result
more crowded classrooms and a decline in
ze general quality of education. The vast surge
students has lead to treatment of students
ot as individuals, but as a mass of tuition-
aying entities. It has also led to over-crowded
ormitories, mammoth lectures and schemes
r television learning which all tend to en-
ance the students's feeling that he is basically
aimportant in the scheme of the university.
One solution to this dilemma for over-
owded universities is the trimester, which
as been adopted-perhaps overenthusiastically
-by several universities, including the Uni-
ersities of Florida and Pittsburgh. The Uni-
rsity has also decided to plan eventually for
trimester system and has initiated a similar
ilendaring this year. But it is very probable
iat the trimester will only enhance an in-
itution's massiveness.{
By having three full semesters operating
iroughout the year, more students can enroll
s freshmen. It also allows students to com-
.ete their college education in three years, by
t . 41 I
going to school year-round. It eases the burden
on classrooms, dormitories and professors.
BUT THE TRIMESTER also has inherent dis-
advantages. One of the main effects at
Florida is that students feel extremely rushed
and overloaded in the shorter semester. Assign-
ments and exams are pushed up to meet the
quicker pace, and students find themselves
doing poorer work in their courses. They also
find that their vacation is much shorter during'
the summer, cutting into the "traditional" sum-
mer job period.
Extra-curricular activities (which may be
considered completely unnecessary by some)
have been hit with fewer freshmen turnouts
and a general lack of interest on campus. This
phenomena has also begun to hit the Univer-
sity activities this fall. Professors at Florida
have found it difficult to complete course
materials in. the alloted time and often have to
"pile it on" in the closing weeks of the semes-
ter. The problem of commercialized or institu-
tionalized education is not completely over-
come, since in the end more students are ad-
mittedband personal attention is still hard to
come by.
IT IS TRUE that universities are faced with
the dilemma that they must accept more
students and financial pressures do not allow
an ideal answer. One thing that must be done
is for high schools to encourage, students to
apply to smaller institutions which are con-
stantly improving to meet new demands, there-
by stemming the pressures of larger institutions.
Government support, although a touchy
question, might be used to build entirely new
universities, rather than merely expanding
existing dormitories or building capacities. It is
interesting that the United States 'has never
had a national university, which at this point
doesn't seem that far fetched an idea.
A solution similar to the University's pro-
posed residential college is another way to
keep personalization and to meet growing ad-
missions problems. Expansion of junior col-
leges into four-year institutions could also
take up some slack.
THE TRIMESTER is by no means the best
means of fighting educational commercial-
ization. And from the difficulty the University
has had in getting more funds to institute it,
"Somehow, This "Iaipaign uUSe Do snt
Have The Old Zing"
.y{ tPR11'A C .-
0"rLET MOSS
JAOS OIT OF ..
GYORGY SANDOR, eminent
concert pianist and faculty
member in the music school, will
perform in a. solo recital tonight
at Hill Aud. In an interview, San-
dor discussed several interesting
aspects about his concert selec-
tions.
Two Bach organ works tran-
scribed for the piano will open the
concert. The first is a chorale
prelude arranged for the piano by
Busoni and the second, a Bartok
arrangement of the Sixth Organ
Sonata.
Sandor explained that there are
two approaches in transcribing
Bach works. One school regards
only the notes written by the mas-
ter and adds the appropriate cou-
plings (extra octaves) as they
would have been added by Bach
in performance on his instru-
ments.
The less conservative Busoni-
Liszt tradition takes 'more liber-
ties by filling out the sonorities
with addition tones to expand the
sound and enrich the color. Bar-
tok is in this last tradition: he
fills in the voice parts to achieve
a volume and color not emulating
but paralleling that of the organ.
This treatment incidentally makes
for some tricky passages where
jumps must be dealt with.
Also in the first part of the pro-
gram is the Haydn Sonata in E
Minor and the Liszt Sonata in B
Chopin group including three Ma-
zurkas, the Andante Spianato and
the Polonaise Opus 22. Four twen-
tieth century works comprise the
rest of the program.
The first is an early work of
Szymanowski, reminiscent of early
Scriabin in being romantic and
lyric. Szymanowski is a Polish
composer who died in 1939 and
who in Sandor's estimation will
ultimately be acknowledged as one
of the greats of the century.
A Bartok Etude, written in 1918,
is in a particularly "daring and
sophisticated" idiom when seen in
its historical perspective, Sandor
noted. It contains motor rhythms
and a melody whose tones are.
scattered over many octaves. The
final two works are by Debussy
and Scriabin.
DISCUSSING the wide repre-
sentation of styles and periods of
music in his program, Sandor ex-
plained that the content of his
concerts depends upon the famil-
iarity of the audience to him.
Since he has performed in Ann
Arbor only twice before and only
with an orchestra, he feels that
the public will be able to receive
him more fairly if he presents a
variety of music.
To be considered a Bach expert
or a Beethoven interpreter is good
and useful to a point, he said, but
on