Seventy-Third Year EDrrED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS "Where opinions Are Free STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG., ANN ARBOR, MICH., PHONE No 2-3241 Truth Will Prevail" Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints. SATURDAY, DECEMBER 1, 1962 NIGHT EDITOR: GERALD STORCH _ 40*1 tlr' r 1.. j , ;t , I INDIA-CHINA ISSUE: Two Beneficial Results Faculty Must Take Part In University Decisions TH-E PROCESS of decision-making in a large organization is always complex. The process of decision-making is particularly complicated in an organization like the University where any given matter can have far-reaching con- sequences for faculty, students and admin- istrators, all of whom want to have a' say in it. This is why the study by the University Sen-. ate's Committee on Aacademic Freedom and Responsibility of the role of faculty in policy- making is of critical importance. Hopefully, it will clarify what say the faculty has in University-wide policy. Hopefully, it will sug- gest methods by which the faculty can make its weight felt in these matters. At present, the faculty is already delegated major areas of policy-making. Within the in- dividual schools and departments, decisions are made by faculty members on promotions, curriculum, future needs and budget. THE. PROBLEMS of faculty participation arise mainly in University-wide questions and on those problems which do not relate to the academic processes within individual units. For example, a department or a school will prepare its budget and its projected faculty needs. But how can faculty members work effectively on the University budget or the projected faculty needs of the University? Obviously, these problems are highly tech- nical. To work on them, a faculty member would have to spend a great deal of time away from his teaching and his research. Yet if the faculty does not work on the preparation of the overall University budget, it cannot expect to have an effective say in related academic questions like the size of the University. Added to the technical nature of such de- cisions, there is the growing size of the Uni- versity administration. In some respects, ad- ditional administrators are necessary. As the University grows-not merely in size but in in complexity also-an increasing number of coordinating functions must be performed. When new programs are devised, when new centers are created or new departments added. Whether or not these add faculty or students, they create administrative work. IT IS NOT that administrators are power- hungry or that they want to make all the decisions themselves. But if the faculty aban- dons its functions relative to University-wide policy, then the administration will neces- sarily take over; the decisions have to be made. Faculty members face a difficult time when they work on policy-making groups. They must do a tremendous amount of research and back- ground work and at the same time maintain their classroom work and academic research. But it is necessary for the faculty to have members who are interested in education as a whole as well as in their own particular fields. Part of the problem can be solved by making use of the technical specialties already present within the faculty. For example, faculty mem- bers of the business administration school and the economics department could make an especial contribution to compiling the Univer- sity budget. Faculty members in the various social sciences could contribute in the area of organizational problems. But the basic prob- lem of getting a variety of faculty members interested and informed in highly technical policy problems remains the unanswered and perhaps the unanswerable question which faces the committee. BUT HOWEVER the committee resolves the question of faculty participation as a prac- tical matter, it must also resolve the problem of faculty participation as a philosophical mat- ter. The University Senate is empowered only to advise. In some ways, this is only a technical limitation since legally, the Regents are given complete power in the University. Also, in some areas the faculty has, for all practical purposes, the final say. The question is whether faculty power ought to be extended into as many areas as faculty members and committees are capable of hand- ling, leaving only the most technical matters to the administration. There is a real conflict here among faculty members whether it is simply the role of the teacher to teach and perhaps advise the administration or whether it is his responsibility to take an active part in University-wide policy making. Certainly it is easier for faculty members to limit themselves to teaching. But if fac- ulty members conceive of the University as a community of scholars, then of necessity they must do as much as they can to shape that community. To fail to do so is to allow the community to be shaped from the outside. A community of scholars ought to be based on the ideals of scholarship; where else, besides the faculty, can this direction be found? ANOTHER ASPECT of the problem is the present organization of the faculty. At the moment, the University Senate is in itself not the most important organ of faculty power. Rather, it is the committee system of, the Senate and the various departmental com- mittees. The Senate itself is too large a body to work effectively as a whole. The Senate Advisory Committee on Uni- versity Affairs is an important body; however it is not empowered to give opinions as having the backing of the faculty. It is an admittedly unrepresentative body. What is necessary is some new form of or- ganization which would have the power to express opinions as having the support of the entire faculty. It would be less cumbersome than the faculty Senate and more powerful than the present SACUA. Another program which might help is the encouragement of informal University-wide faculty seminars on University problems. Open to all, they would help disperse knowledge on the difficulties the University faces. STILL ANOTHER part of the problem that the committee ought to keep in mind is the possibility of student participation with the faculty in University policy making. Much con- sideration has gone into questions of student affairs; however, not much has been done on the role of the student as a member of the intellectual community. Certainly students could sit on some faculty committees. They could relieve faculty mem- bers of much of the research burden the faculty would otherwise have to bear. Further- more, they would broaden the scope of view- point' especially where student concerns are involved. At least some consideration ought to be given to the student's academic role at the University and just how students fit into the decision making processes. In short, the committee is really considering the relationship between the faculty and the University as an institution. Hopefully, the committee will define a dynamic, forward- looking concept. -DAVID MARCUS . y , ', M ' . i . ANĀ£' t Ky 1 KK By DANIEL SHAFER THE SINO-INDIAN conflict has had at least two beneficial re- sults. First of all, it has resulted in a swing of neutralist nations which previously held non-align- ment policies toward the West. Secondly, it has resulted in the first concerted effort to solve the India-Pakistan dispute over Kash- mir. The Indians themselves are fin- ally beginning to realize-or, more correctly, being shocked into re- alizing-that the policy of neu- tralist non-alignment in the cold war just does not work. Forsaken by their Soviet friends, attacked by their Chinese neigh- bors,with whom they had ad- vocated "peaceful co-existence," the Indians were literally forced to turn to the West for aid. * * * THIS AID was badly needed. The Indian troops were using World War I vintage bolt-action rifles, wearing lightweight com- bat apparel, and were virtually unprepared for any conflict of the scope of the present Sino- Indian border war. The much-needed military as- sistance was fast in arriving. Less than a week after Prime Minister Nehru's request for aid from the West, Britain had sent two Bri- tannia turbo-props carrying Bel- gain-made FN automatic rifles (standard NATO weapons) and the United States had set up a Germany-to-Calcutta airlift oper- ating around the clock. While U.S. Ambassador John K. Galbraith has warned the Indians not to view this aid as the "magic solution" to the present crisis, the aid is definitely indispensible and essential to any hope of the In- dians being saved from the threat of Chinese Communism. * * * THIS FORCED SHIFT to the West which Nehru and his Indian government have taken is not an isolated case. Although the rest of the neutralist countries are not all in such dire positions as India, they can still look on the example of India and learn some- thing about the policy of neutral- ist non-alignment and its dim prospects for the cold war. And it appears that some of them are doing just that. Recently, a national news mag- azine reported that eight of the neutral countries committed to a policy of non-alignment who had previously abstained on the sub- ject of the admission of Red China to the United Nations voted an unequivocal "No" when the issue came before the last session. As time goes on and the Sino- Indian crisis becomes more acute, it is probable that the world will witness an increasing swing to the West by neutralist nations. * * * ANOTHER interesting develop- ment coming out of this crisis is the conference held last night be- tween Indian and Pakistani of- ficials regarding the settlement of the Kashmir dispute. This is the first really positive attempt at the solution of this crisis, something for which the United States has long been push- ing. The indication would seem to be that neutralist nations such as India and Pakistan are anxious to solve crises among themselves, with external help if necessary, so that their position in case of a hot war will be more tenable and more secure. The sudden decision by the In- dian and Pakistani officials to confer over the solution of the Kashmir crisis would also indicate that the neutral nations of the world would like to solidify their position and present a more uni- fied picture to the world. When the neutrals have such disputes as the Kashmir situation, they can- not stand really united against such aggression as the Chinese in- vasion of India. This good indica- tion that the neutrals may have in mind the concept of unification is one of the first true indications of such a tendency that the mod- ern Cold War has seen, and it is indeed enheartening. The Sino-Indian confict, by pro- ducing these two positive effects, has shown that the neutrals are not necessarily going to maintain their policy of non-alignment and passive resistance in the face of an aggressive threat. It has also shown that the United States may be given the opportunity several times in the near future to reverse the trend and begin taking advan- tage of "bad" situations and mak- ing some good out of them, as the Soviet Union has been doing for some time. The present crisis in India may prove to be the turning point of the Cold War. But this will only happen if the U.S. and its allies begin to take advantage of such situations and use them to their advantage. Our position in the Cold War could be drastically im- proved if we maintain our present position and refuse to stand by and watch the Communists take over the world. A^^Aj c 1- !aa Fie\df-wfi trv.sss LOCKHEED STRIKE: Defense and Workers' Rights By ELLEN SILVERMAN WHEN a free economy, like that of the United States, is placed in competition with a completely planned one, like the Soviet Un- ion's, problems inevitably arise regarding the right of workers to strike at essential defense plants. The whole controversy was fan- ned into flame once more as the Lockheed Aircraft Co. machinists went out oh strike in order to secure a union shop. There can be no doubt about the fact that the work stoppage harms some of the most vital defense projects in the nation-the Agena space rocket project, the Polaris submarine missile and the ac- tivities of Cape Canaveral. In terms of national defense, strikes can be devastating. Fortunately, the workers have returned to work pending more negotiations and a report from a presidential committee set up by President John F. Kennedy un- der the Taft-Hartley Law. But the issue has not been solved. ** .1. THE INTERNATIONAL Associ- ation of Machinists' spokesman, Robert R. Simpson, said that the union would strike again after the "cooling off period" if it was not granted a vote on union shop. The union shop, if approved by a two-thirds majorityofall the workers in a plant, would make it necessary for them all to join the union. A presidential com- mission earlier this year recom- mended that such a vote take place. The company, on the other hand, has said that it would be able to win without a vote tal-ing place. Previous strikes at Lock- heed have occured over the same issue and all were settled without a vote. Other major companies with large defense contracts have sub- nuitted the issue to a vote of the workers. At North American Avia- tion, General Dynamics and Ryan Aeronautical, votes were taken, all of which failed to produce the needed two-thirds. But, simple majorities were achieved. IN WAR TIME it has been cus- tomary for unions to refrain from striking because of the defense needs ofthe country. But insthe Cold War, which has now lasted for 15 years, it is inconceivable that workers be asked not to strike at defense plants. Efforts have, and should, be made to settle the differences be- fore the issue comes to a strike. In the past when such strikes have occured they have been det- rimental to the projects involved and if prolonged, a strike could set the project back a yearcor two. The problem is complex but it is all too easy to jump on a band wagon and claim that unions are working against national security, are unpatriotic and need, there- fore, to be put down. Union officials are all too cog- nizant of the issues at stake and the strikes are taken when they deem that they are necessary, not on a whim. THE LOCKHEED workers are not asking for more than the right to associate themselves with a certain organization. But Lockheed fears that once a union comes in it will be more difficult to deal with the workers and unnecessary demands will be made. The effectiveness of the present strike is being debated by union and company officials. John E. Canaday, Lockheed vice-president, says that between 20-60 per cent of the workers were out but the IAM says 97 per cent. If, indeed, the strikers number only 20 per cent it would seem that Lockheed would have no- thing to fear from a vote for the workers do not seem to support the union. If 97 per cent is a more closely correct figure than Lockheed should realize that a mandate is needed because the workers desire it. And, finally, if there are only 60 per cent out then the chances for passage of the vote are 50-50 and either side could gain. THE REPORT of the presiden- tial commission is the paramount telling point. Prof. Arthur M. Ross of the University of California and head of the study committee has announced that he will re- quire written statements from each side and will hold oral hear- ing. Workers at Lockheed plants are no different than those in Detroit in the automobile industry or in the steel plants in the country. They are dependent upon their own methods of bargining with management in order to secure workable contracts. Lockheed seems unwilling to give them this right, based on an argument that it is not good for the national defense and the differences could be worked out in another way. If Ross' committee can come up without another solution it is to be commended. But the workers need their rights and cannot be dismissed with charges that they hurt national defense. After all, without civil rights for citizens, what nation is there left to de- fend? Expediency Demands India-Pakistan Talks By MALINDA BERRY EXPEDIENCY was the cause for the renewal of negotiations between Pakistan and India over the bitter and often-bloody Kash- mir dispute. For 15 years the two countries have been feuding over the divided area in a nagging squabble which has been draining the resources of Pakistan and India as well as leaving Kashmir in a state of in- LETTERS TO THE EDITOR: Nullification Old Practice Academic Freedom A T VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS of so-called higher learning across the country, a dan- gerous aggregation of self-styled patriots and would-be moralists have set out on dirty white horses to safeguard American youth from the evils of academic freedom. The month of November has been rather full of such incidents, but rising head and shoulders above any other is the weird case of Prof. Sheldon Grebsteip, who was both suspended and reinstated at the University of South Florida within the space of 20 days. State legislatures are all alike, it seems, and the legislature of the state of Florida created this mess when one of its committees gathered "incriminating" evidence against Grebstein. The evidence: one dittoed copy of an essay, "Know-Nothing Bohemians" by Jack Kerouac, which Grebstein used in one of his classes. THE COMMITTEE relinquished its dittoed copy to the Board of Control for Florida education (a dubious appellation in itself), and Grebstein suddenly found himself sus- pended. The Board then proceded, after the suspen- sion, to pass a sweeping "Directive on Com- munism and Homosexuality in Colleges" and nebulously related this directive to the Greb- stein case. To this day no one close to the case understands why, and the Board hasn't provided any enlightenment. Grebstein was found completely innocent of all charges by a nine-man faculty committee. He can be thankful that the American As- sociation of University Professors mobilized on his behalf. AAUP chapters all over the state (and outside the state, too-although the University chapter didn't concern itself with the matter) raised an uproar over the sham tactics of the Board and the legislature. BUT WHILE the battle may have been won, the war in Florida and across the country against those small-minded men who would destroy the meaning of education is far from over. The incredible directive-more perverted and subversive than any Communist or homo- sexual it could hope to ensnare-still remains in Florida. In Lincoln, Ill. a professor has been fired because he protested the Cuban blockade. The papers repeatedly inform us of groups across the country on witch hunts and book burnings. To the Editor: MISSOPPENHEIM'S editorial against the acquittal of the murderers of the Belgian thalido- mide baby seems to contain a mis- conception of the function of the jury. She fears that the jury's acquittal of an admitted murderer is a "horrifyingprecedent" open- ing the door for an unforseeable number of murderers escaping. First it must be noted that Miss Oppenheim is expressing horror with a very old practice. This practice of a jury refusing to con- vict a defendant, when the law in its needed rigidity leaves no doubt that he is guilty, is called nullification. Nullification is prob- ably as old as the jury itself. Back in England when that nation was just becoming a great mercantile power nullification affected an Act of Parliament. It appears that a wave of em- bezzling had struck London mer- chants and they petitioned Parlia- ment to redress this grievance. What was interesting, however, was the request that Parliament reduce the penalty from death to only a prison sentence! Their reason: Jury nullification. Jurys were refusing to convict any em- bezzler because they felt that the death penalty was too harsh a punishment for embezzlement. * * * THE ANCIENTNESS of nulifi- cation itself is reason to discount Miss Oppenheim's fears. Our law has survived pretty well the many "horrifying precedents" of acquit- ting criminals by nullifications that have occurred for centuries. There have been worse "horrifying precedents." In 1887 in Regina v. Serne a man was acquitted of murdering two of his sons who died in a fire that he set. In that case it appeared that the jury did function of the jury. Despite Miss Oppenheim's fears it is not the jury's function to set "horrifying precedents." The jury's duty is only to find facts, in this case for example, did the Belgian woman kill the baby? The verdict of the jury, despite her admissions was "No. Thus as far as legal precedents are concerned she did not kill her baby. The legal affect is that no future murderer can point to the Belgian case as a precedent to escape criminal prosecution as a matter of law. The law stills calls the killing of a maimed child murder. But, on the other hand, if a jury felt that the law was being harshly applied in a par- ticular case it could remedy the evil by nullification. * * * UNTIL MAN can draft laws which are perfect so that their application will never be harsh, nullification is a useful though sometimes clumsy tool. Ideally the jury represents a cross section of the community with a better un- derstanding of present societal mores than laws made hundreds of years before. There can be little doubt that nullification is clumsy. Sometimes it has caused horrible results. A jury acquitted the murderers of Emmett Till, simply because Till was a Negro boy who whistled at a white woman in the South. It might cause the law to be less of a deterrance. But instead of elim- inating nullification by abolishing juries, for example, a more proper course would be to continue efforts to draft laws which are more just and less harsh. -John Fischer, '63L Co-ed Housing... keep two things in mind, both in their private meetings and public statements: first, that the kind of emotionalism which marked the NSA campaign be kept from discussion of these problems in order to promote the clear and objective statement of the issues which is so necessary to rational decision-making. Secondly, although I am no stu- dent of Michigan politics, I think it is well to remind those who will formulate the final program that suchaobjectivity plus a great deal of care must be taken be- cause of the few legislators who would happily snatch up any un- fortunate incident which might occur as a "look what goes on there" argument against many of the important bills, as well as the budget, which would aid the Uni- versity. Co-ed housing is an excellent, if small, step toward diluting an overly strong and masculine tra- dition at the University. But it must be planned and discussed without emotional influences from political interests and with care- ful consideration of all contin- gencies. -Will Irwin, '65 Review ... To the Editor: WISH to extend - my sincere apologies to Messr's Camp, Hope, and Waldrop, editors of "Burning Deck," for both the shortness of the review of their magazine and the false inferences that could be made from the re- viewer. I am, and was, fully aware that the magazine is not a Wolgo- mot publication (even if the head- line writers at The Daily aren't). The review specifically stated that decision sometimes bordering on chaos. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Ne- hru, in taking the initiative for the talks, has recognized the im- possibility of leaving his country fighting on two separate fronts. Since fighting with the Red Chi- nese will probably begin again in the near future, Nehru must free the large numbers of troops sta- tioned on the Pakistani border to concentrate on the Chinese ag- gressions farther west. It is also imperative to Pakis- tani security that India not be constantly in a state of turmoil. And since a refusal by President Mohammad Ayub Khan to renew talks would appear to be showing support to the Chinese, the agree- ment is evidence of good sense on the part of Ayub. IfmPakistan were to champion Communist China against India, she would in effect be breaking her relations with her Western allies-who have sent aid and support to India. Pakistan needs the West far more than the West needs her, and Ayub could hardly expect much finan- cial aid from an impoverished China. * * * IN VIEW of the strong emo- tions felt in the two countries over the Kashmir question, Ne- hru and Ayub have shown cour- age in merely reopening the dis- cussions. Popular feeling is so high that the negotiations are facing a tough road. It appears that any yielding by either gov- ernment will provoke strong crit- icism at home. However, the belief must exist in the two capitols that some sort of decisions can be reached-and tensions must be relieved or there will be little hope for defending the Pakistan-Indian subcontinent. Pakistan hai been advocating a plebiscite t. solve the Kashmir question, mainly because the Kashmiris generally would like to become part of Pakistan, while the leaders of the country would, prefer an affiliation with India. Thus by sheer numbers Pakistan would probably win, since 77 per cent of the Kashmiris are Mos- lems and Kashmir is a Moslem state. * * * ANOTHER POSSIBLE solution would be partition acceptable to the majority peoples of the separ- ate parts; perhaps a condominum or joint administration by the two powers would be workable. Another factor in the decision to negotiate was the urging by the Business Staff LEE SCLAR, Business Manager SUE FOOTE..... ............Finance RUTH STEPHENSON ...........Accounts SUE TURNER ......... Associate Business THOMAS BENNETT ............. Advertising Manager Manager Manager Manager