,.
Seventy-Third Year
EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS
"Where Opinions Are Free STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG., ANN ARBOR, MICH., PHONE NO 2-3241
Truth Will Prevail"'
Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers
or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints.
ESDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 1962 NIGHT EDITOR: FRED RUSSELL KRAMER
The Daily, and
the
Un iversit
The 'No PolicPol
On Staff Editorials
W E OF THE editorial staff of The Daily
almost never use the editorial "we."
The most cherished feature of The Daily is
its open forum editorial page which guarantees
any staff member the right to express his opin-
ion in the editorial columns so long as he
adheres to the newspaper's code of ethics and
signs his name to his work.
Perhaps the least understood facet of Daily
editorial policy is the fact that there is no
"policy" as such. When an editorial appears in
The Daily, it is perfectly possible that no mem-
ber of the staff except the writer of the editorial
holds or even agrees with the opinion expressed
in it. This policy says, in effect "the opinions
appearing on this page are those of the indi-.
vidual writers and do not necessarily reflect the
views of the management." But it serves to do
far more than let the editors off the hook for
unpopular opinions which appear in the paper.
IT GUARANTEES to the individual staff
member the right to oppose ideologically any
of his superiors on The Daily without fear
either that his views will be stifled or that he
will not be promoted according to seniority
and ability.
It guarantees to-the reader his right to know
at all times whose opinion he is reading and
with whom he may take issue if he cares to do
so. It makes editorials the product of personal
ideas rather than an official "line," providing
a variety and challenge which cannot be found
in most metropolitan newspapers where all
editorial writing must conform to an expressed
policy.
Most important, the signed editorial policy
gives the writer a sense of responsibility for his
own work which, causes him to take greater
pains and to be more honest with it than he
might normally be encouraged to be. Knowing
that the editorial will appear above his name,
he wants to make certain that he says just what
he means and says it as well as he can.
DURING THE year there will, from time to
time, and especially just prior. to Student
Government Council elections, appear a "senior
editorial"-an editorial signed. simply "the
senior editors."
At election times, these editorials will be
evaluations of the various candidates. Other
senior editorials are unscheduled and will ap-
pear when the editors feel especially strongly
about a particular issue and wish to comment
on it as a group.
A senior editorial does not mean that The
Daily has taken an official stand on the sub-
ject. Such editorials, signed in effect by the edi-
tor, the city and associate city editors, the edi-
torial and associate editorial directors, the per-
sonnel director and the co-magazine editors,
reflect a compromise statement of all the opin-
ions of the eight editors.
These articles generally take hours to write,
since various editors may have strongly oppos-
ing views. When a compromise is reached, the
editorial appears as the work of the group --
and everyone must be willing to sign it before
it appears - but there are undoubtedly por-
tions of it to which individual editors take
strong exception. Publication of a senior edi-
torial does not preclude other editorials on the
subject by under-staff members, even when
such editorials contradict the stand taken by
the seniors.
IN ASSEMBLING the editorial page,; the edi-
torial director and the associate editorial di-
rector strive both to give adequate and fitting
play to the various editorial pieces and to make
certain that the editorials conform to The
Daily's standards of clarity of expression, logi-
cal development and adherence to the facts.
Items concerning local and campus issues
are usually considered more important than
more general discussions and consequently are
given higher play.
At all times, the two editorial directors try
to ensure that the work of other staff members
is in line with their fullest capabilities and that
all relevant facts have been taken'into consid-
eration. Sometimes an editorial is rewritten as
many as three or four times before it appears
in The Daily, but always the attempt is to im-.
prove the quality of the writing and clarity of
expression, never to change the writer's
opinion.
THE DAILY is very much aware of its re-
sponsibilities as a monopoly press on the
campus.. If for no other reason than that it is
the only student newspaper of the University,
The Daily endeavors to provide in its editorial
page a completely open forum where no sub-
jects are taboo except regental elections and
pending appropriations, and, hopefully, in the
near future even these restrictions upon staff
and general student comment may be lifted.
During the year you will, and frequently, hear
considerable grumbling from various quarters
about The Daily's "editorial policy." Conserva-
tives will charge that the staff is composed of
a group of ruthless radicals hell-bent on turn-
ing the University into a center for Communist
propaganda.
THE VERY liberal students will counter this
with a charge that The Daily's writers are
insipid and timid and afraid to take a strong
enough stand on any issue. Less extreme groups
will make less extreme charges, all of which
only go to prove that there is no "policy" but
a little bit of everything on The Daily's edi-
torial page, including endless variety and color
in letters to the editor.
"Where opinions are free, truth will prevail"
Is The Daily's watchword and motto. It is per-
haps the only credo to which all members of
the staff hold with equal devotion and'it is the
one to which the entire newspaper and particu-
larly this page is at all times fervently dedi-
cated.
-JUDITH OPPENHEIM
Editorial Director
By MICHAEL OLINICK
Editor
THOSE ENTERING the Univer-
sity community for the first
time may be startled to discover
that this is not a typical commu-
nity. Nor should they expect The
Daily to parallel the usual com-
munity newspaper.
The primary impulse in this aca-
demic community is one of the
questioning mind. If there is a
common thread linking all the var-
ious colleges, schools, institutes
and centers on the campus it is
this one. Ideally, the demands are
not for productivity, but for dili-
gent and disciplined curiosity in-
to the unknown aspects of man
and his universe. Productivity, in
the sense of discoveries, inventions
and books, comes as a byproduct.
DURING the 1,000 days the un-
dergraduate spends on campus, he
is expected to learn how to ques-
tion in a systematic manner and
to test his tentative answers by a
scientific method. He is obligated
to assimilate into his thinking
some of the answers those who
have gone before him have pro-
vided. If he is successful, he may
leave the University with a better
set of questions to guide him in
the future.
A little more pragmatically, the
University is devoted to the train-
ing of professional men and wom-
en in a variety of fields, instruct-
ing them in the proper techniques
and directing them to the neces-
sary factual information.
The University has an added ob-
ligation to lead its students into
a democratic social order predicat-
ed on citizen participation. It hopes
to inculcate an attitude which will
lead to responsible leadership in
the society.
THE GROUND RULES for this
whole process are summarized in
a doctrine called academic free-
dom, and that basically means
freedom of inquiry and freedom of
expression. The principles of aca-
demic freedom and of democratic
government trace back to similar
assumptions. Our society-and our
universities as a particular part of
that society-have a basic belief
that man seeks the truth, is eager
to possess it and is disposed to
guide himself by it.
Another assumption is that the
best and perhaps the only method
of arriving at the truth, or an ap-
proximation of it, is by the free
competition of opinion. Since dif-
ferences in opinion will inevitably
arise, each man must be allowed
to urge his own opinion provided
he accords to others a similar
right. From the toleration and
comparison of conflicting opin-
ions, the ones that seem the most
rational will emerge and gain
general acceptance.
These are the assumptions that
underlineThehDaily's approach to
journalism. The open editorial
page allows the presentation of a
whole spectrum of opinion on any
and every issue without the con-
trolling bias of the publisher. Such
a policy (as explained in the ad-
joining column) might seem to
diminish the political effectiveness
of the newspaper since it ,offers
no united stand, no program of
reforms for which it can prosely-
tize with every resource.
* * *
THE DAILY'S chief aim, how-
ever, is not the establishment of
its editors' pet projects. Rather, it
is the promotion of the fullest dis-
semination of news of importance
to the community and the fullest
expression of opinion founded on
the facts about that news.
This aspect of The Daily closely
parallels the University's ranking
of questioning over production.
Other features of this unique com-
munity are reflected in its student
newspaper.
The fact that its readers share
a high political sophistication and
respect for ideas is a satisfaction
and an added demand for the stu-
dent editors. They do not have to
confine themselves to the simply
syllogistic 350 word editorial which
commercial newspapers are loath
to exceed. Newsplay can assign the
proper significance to scientific
advances without the distortions of
overpopularization. They can draw
upon the wisdom and knowledge of
"lEh? What Say?".
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a top-rate faculty to add expert
interpretation to events of national
and international import.
*' * *
A UNIQUE FUNCTION of the
college press is that of the liberal
arts journal. Though there is little
immediate "news value" in lec-
tures given by visiting scholars,
student editors feel there is value
in exposing them to a wider audi-
ence. In a typical week's paper,
then, a reader will discover 400-
500 word summaries of speeches
on the Risorgimento, private pen-
sion plans, polio therapy, the de-
cline of the.American novel, math-
ematical biophysics and a half,
dozen other topics.
While there is satisfaction in do-
ing this, there is also difficulty.
The academic community will not
tolerate superficial, poorly writ-
ten or poorly argued presentations
and analyses of the news. It ex-
pects the newspaper staff to ferret
out the news of significance in
the community, triple check it for
accuracy and spend the time doing
an extra rewrite so that the article
is clear and concise.
For these reasons, The Daily is
much more than the commercial
newspaper to which you may be
accustomed. Since financial prof-
it is sought only to guarantee that
the paper can be published in an
attractive and continuing package,
the ratio of news to advertising
in The Daily is about twice that
of the urban dailies. There are
few stories about violent crimes,
movie stars or train wrecks.
* * *
NATIONAL and international
news makes up a considerable part
of the newspaper's coverage. Hon-
ored by top awards from the Over-
seas Press Club for its interna-.
tional coverage, Daily editors re-
main committed to the belief that
geographical boundaries have lit-
tle to do with the proper concerns
of students and their instructors.
Our primary concern is, of
course, with this academic commu-
nity, and the bulk of the news will
be about events arising on this
campus. What happens on other
campuses, be they in East Lansing,
Poughkeepsie or Caracas, is of im-
portance too.
In the gathering, sifting, edit-
ing, analyzing and publishing of
news and comment, The Daily
does not seek as a prime goal the
training of professional journal-
ists, though many former staff
members have risen to major edi-
torial positions in the professional
press, Reporters are required to
learn the techniques and nomen-
clature of publication. They write
headlines, . paste together wire
service copy, edit other staffers'
writing,
* * *
THESE SKILLS are taught,
however, not as ends in themselves,
but because they, build leadership
and responsibility. They, are de-
signed to impress the necessity of
exactness, conciseness and fair-
ness in the presentation of news,
whether it be in the actual writing
or in its display. Under the super-
vision of the seniors, night editors
and assistant night editors develop
"newsjudgment" by selecting what
stories to print, howmuch space
to devote to them, and which ones
get what size, headlines.
Besides the unpopularity of some
editorials which are published,
The Daily's critics are most upset
with the selection and presenta-
tion of news. Value judgments
have to be made and the paper's
staff must agree upon an editorial
policy towards newsplay. If two
staff members disagree about the
importance of some event, each
can have his say in the editorial
columns, but the news story un-
der dispute can on a given day
appear on only one page and
under only one kind of headline.
* * *
THIS IS WHERE the student
newspaper cannot be neutral; it
must impose its interpretations of
what is important over the rest of
the community. Their judgment,
however, is not made in a va-
cuum. Staff members are con-
stantly examining the judgments
made by other newspapers and
magazines, constantly hearing the
criticisms of other students and
professors about The Daily, con-
stantly searching between the lines
of official reports and beneath the
skins, of .'officials to. find the true
impact of everything within their
purview.
Though the news to advertising
ratio is high, the University com-
munity is small in number, and
the total number of column inches
a campus newspaper can publish
daily is limited. News selection be-
comes primarily a process of elim-
innation. While The Daily endea-
vors to publish announcements of
all campus lectures and events that
might be of interest to a number
of ,people. and manages, to list the
dates and times Hof meetings of
organizations which- file in. ,the.
SAB, there simply is not enough
space to publish more than a min-
imum amount, %-of_ information
about .all 30 student organiza-
tions, for example.
THE DAILY has its effect on
the University and Fit is a potent
one. There is probably no more
vigorous, no more controversial
and no more misunderstood in-
stitution on the' campus.
For most; The Daily is the only
source of day-to-day collected in-
formation about the University's
changing character. Besides being
a bulletin board for campus ac-
tivities, The Daily serves as - the
unofficial channel for change
where official channels simply do
not exist. It is the campus grie-
vance committee where injustice
is brought to light and through
which community opinion and
pressure can act to bring about
reforms.
The Daily also serves in a tra-
ditional role of the press, as a
check on government. It is charg-
ed with the duty of keeping the
University's administrative bureau-
cracy from overstepping its bona
fide bounds.
* * *
TO SECURE these ends, to dis-
charge its functions, Daily editors
embrace a libertarian theory of
the press, one that calls for stu-
dent autonomy in determining
policies and selecting staff per-
sonne. The chief purposes of the
TODAY AND TOMORROW:
Gaullist Ambition
By WAL.TER LIPPMAN
ONE OF the main reasons why our relations
with Gen. de Gaulle are seriously dis-
tu'bed is that the Kennedy administration
has decided not to alter the established policy,
which is not to share with France, as we do
with Great Britain, the know-how and the
facilities of nuclear power. At first glance the
cure for the trouble would seem to be to
invite the French into the Anglo-American
nuclear club.
But the problem becomes more complicated
when we realize, as the British now do, that
although they have a considerable nuclear
power of their own, always assuming the
over-all protection of the United States, it is
a power which is on the way to becoming
obsolete. Because, it is impossibly expensive,
the British have already retired from the race
in missiles, and they know that when the
bombers become obsolete, say within the next
ten years, Britain will cease to be a nuclear
power in its own right.
WE HAVE this power because we had to
build it. Our nuclear power is, as a matter
of fact, the core of the defense of Europe and
Editorial Staff
MICHAEL OLINICK, Editor
JUDITH OPPENHEIM MICHAEL HARRAH
Editorial Director City Editor
JUDITH BLEIER..............Associate City Editor
FRED RUSSELL KRAMER .. Assoc. Editorial Director
CYNTHIA NEU ................Co-Magazine Editor
HARRY PERLSTADT..........Co-Magazine Editor
CAROLINE DOW. ........Personnel Director
TOM WEBBER ............sports Editor
DAVE ANDREWS............Associate Sports Editor
JAN WINKLEMAN .. .....Associate Sports Editor
of the West. We cannot allow this power to
be set in motion by others. We must keep
the' ultimate right to decide whether and when
it shall be used. A weak and independent
nuclear force within the 'Western Alliance, a
force which could start a world war but
could not finish it, would be a danger to the
peace of the world and to our security.
Not for a moment do I believe that the
British would dream of committing a gross be-
trayal of the United States, which would be
to buy admission to the Common Market by
offering to France the nuclear know-how ac-
quired from us. Nor do I share the view that
the British have no other card, except be-
trayal of the United States, to play against
Gen. de Gaulle.
There is a very strong card, which is at
once British and American, in what has been
called the grand project. This looks to the
admission of Britain and some other Euro-
pean states to the Common Market, to an
association with it of the European neutrals,
to a friendly accommodation with the Com-
monwealth, and with all this partnership of
the United States in a great, open and low
tariff trading area.
IT MUST BE UNDERSTOOD in France and
in Germany, as I believe it is in Belgium.
the Netherlands, and Italy, that the grand
project is not a Utopian contraption, nor is
it an insidious American attempt to control
Europe. It is based on the hard conditions
of the post-war world. The United States needs
this large liberal trading area if it is to expand
its trade and thus be able to earn the hard
money to finance its military and civilian
commitments overseas. For this reason, if Paris
and Bonn .'wreck the grand project, there is
almost certain to follow a severe retrenchment
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