, 4, 1962

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If Ru ssiaSigns with East Germany,
Wihat Will Happen in Berlin?

By SID MOODY
Associated Press Newsfeatures Writer
In a more rational time, a peace
treaty would hardly seem a step
towards more acute hostility..
But it is in the days of the Cold
War.
For several years the Russians
have been threatening to sign a
separate peace treaty with East
Qermany and it is this threat that
is the sizzling fuse to the Berlin
powder keg,
None of the World War II al-
lies has signed a pact with the
divided Germanies ..although 17
years have passed since the war's
end. ;The French, British and
American troops stationed in Ber-
lin are therefore there under
agreements made with the Rus-
sians at the Yalta Conference dur-
ing the war.
Should Russia unilaterally sign
a treaty with East Germany, it
would mean the Western powers
could stay in Berlin, or have access
to it, only at the whim of the
East Germans.
This the West is not prepared

to tolerate. It claims its right.
can't be jnfringed by a treaty i
had no part in between Russia and
East Germany, a nation it doesn't
even recognize officially.
But Russia may move towards
a treaty anyway. The Communists
feel it would strengthen the weak
Red rtgime of Walter Ulbricht in
East Germany, giving it a cer-
tain added prestige among its sub-
jects as well as diminishing, out-
wardly at least, the specter of
Russian control. And it would put
pressure in the West.
And that's where the problen
lies. How much more pressure car
Khrushchev put on the West be-
fore the pot blows up?
The Western powers have stead-
fastly maintained their right to
access to West Berlin and their
right to station troops there. The
1948 airlift during the Russian
blockade of Berlin echoed this de-
termination. So did the convoys o1
troops the United States sent to
West Berlin after the Berlin wal
went up a year ago. The troops
were sent and arrived without in-

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STRATEGY IN THE ATOMIC AGE:
Leavenworth Give
By BEM PRICE
Associated Press Newsfeatures Writer In the past, generals have bee
specialists. They have been ?classec
FORT LEAVENWORTH, Kan- as armored division commanders
sas - Fort Leavenworth is the mechanized infantry commander
home of the Army's Command or infantry division commanders
and General Staff College, a re- With the reorganized divisio
markable school practically un- each general is supposed to bee
known to the civilian world. man capable of maneuvering an
A vast amount of basic military fighting all three types of division
doctrine originates here, doctrine equally well,
that ultimately finds distribution Tough Course
in the form of field manuals and The purpose ofr the school I
instructional pamphlets.
It is here that national policy simTo give officers an understand
bieoe onetdin broad out- Tofgive ofieran undrsta nd mra
line to strategy, tacticsband tech- ing of the means, military, mora
niques and is tested against the and economic, by which to achiev
broad experience of the students, victory wherever they are calle
probably the most cosmopolitanuTe a
and widely traveled student body such as those committed by the
to be found on any campus. Germans when they invaded th
Policies Change Soviet Ukraine during World Wa
For example, there was a time II and with oppressive tactics con
when "massive retaliation" was verted a potentially friendly, anti
national policy and the probability Russian people into deadly parti
of the Army fighting a nonnuclear san warriors.
war was discounted heavily. The college gives an intensive
In that nuclear-war-or-nothing 39-week cram course for regula
period, the school devoted about officers in which the students re
97 per cent of its instruction to ceive what amounts to a four-year
the use of atomics on the battle- course in geopolitics.
field, the need for mobility and Military Operations
dispersal. Atop this is piled a series of sub
But then policy changed and it jects running the gamut of mili
became the national assumption tary operations from field army
that "little" wars in underdevel- management through warfare of
oped nations were more likely to all types in all possible climes.
occur than all-out war. The school is open to officers
Long Process with not less than eight years of

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~'Basic Traiing to Geiiera~L-,.s,

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If


NIKITA S. KHRUSHCHEV
.. . holds the cards

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WTEST ~k_::....
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CHECKPOINT CHARLIE .. .. .. . .. ..
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EAAREAIGELAMANMA
BE ET L " :.-
Work begins on wall Aug 13, 1961
U S and Russian tanks face each other over wall Oct 26, 1961
\JHighiacked train flees to West Dec 5, 1961
East Germany demands U S stop autobahn troop movements Dec 16, 1961
l Twenty-eight East Germans cut way through wall Jcn
First border guard, an East German, killed during gunfire exchange
over escaping swimmer May 23

cident despite warnings from the
East Germans.
f East German Control
Military movements of Allied
troops to Berlin are under Russian
jurisdiction. But if a treaty were
signed, these movements would oe
controlled by East Germany.
What would happen, then, if
after a treaty were signed, the
East Germans closed the West's
link with Berlin? Presumably, the
Western powers would use force
if necessary to protect their rights.
To give in would be a disastrous
setback and would imperil the al-
liance with West Germany, long
a major goal of Soviet policy.
On the other hand, Russia could
hardly stand aside and see her
East German satellite pushed
around by the West.
Little Room
Thus, as the years pass and the
Russians slowly chip away at the
Western powers in Berlin, there is
increasingly little room for dip-
lomatic maneuver.
The erection of the wall in Au-
rust, 1961, made Western rights of
acce ; to East Berlin all but a for-
mality. The withdrawal of the
Russian army commander from
East Berlin and his replacement by
an East German put another
squeeze on the West.
Whether Khrushchev intends to
push the Western powers in Berlin
into such a tight corner that they
can do naught but fight back, is
problematical. Perhaps he merely
wants to strengthen his hand at
any bargaining table.
Choice Cards
But circumstance sometimes has
ways of dealing its own hands, and
not always choice cards.
The uproar after Communist
guards shot a fleeing East Ger-
man youth and left him to die by
the wall near the United States
Checkpoint Charley was spontan-
eous. West Germans skimmed
stones and hooted at American and
Russian soldiers alike.
They particularly vented their
feelings against the Russian guard
that regularly patrols the Soviet
War Memorial in West Berlin, in-
juring several of them with rocks.
Rocks don't start wars. But in-
cidents can. And along the highly
charged length of the Berlin wall,
who can say .when there will fin-
ally be one incident too many?


At the moment the Army is in
the long process of another reor-
ganization of its divisions to give
them a greater flexibility in meet-
ing the problems of nuclear and
nonnuclear war, regardless of its
size.
Under this plan there will be no
such thing in the future as a
standard Army division - only a
type of division.
The ideas for this new division
came out of brain-storming ses-
sions of the faculty.
Tailored Forces
The new division has a com-
mand and supply base as a foun-
dation. By adding or subtracting
battalions of armor, infantry or
mechanized infantry, the division
can be tailored to the mission.

commissioned service and, not
more than 15.
Here the students, senior cap-
tains through junior colonels, go
to classes six hours daily, Monday
through Friday.
All in all, the officer going
through the regular course (there
are shorter, less demanding asso-
ciate courses) will spend 1,145
hours in classrooms. He will have
740 hours of homework at a mini-
mum and he will spend 33 hours
taking written examinations.
The school accepts about 1,500
students a year and about half go
through the regular course.
Problems Involved
Any given day and night find
the student engaged in a war
game involving:

Student Fun

-Da1y0Ti.?ier Porter
CAMPUS INACTION - Here students rejoice after a long day
with the books and other worries. Ain't college grand??

I

Part of wall blown up starting chain of blastings May 26
ourteen escape on stolen excursion boat June 8
Wounded East German boy left to die at wall Aug 11

AP Newsfeatures

II . ii

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