TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 22,1004 THE MICHIGAN IIAltY PACE TTIRE$ TU1~SJ~A1~, SETE1~IBER 22, 1964 THE MICHIGAN PAILY WA01 T1XXE~ Postpone Rail Strike. EUROPEAN EDUCATION: ,Says County Board, Negotiators Announce Tentative Settlements Needs Redistricting By CAL SKINNER, JR. Redistricting filtered down to the lowly county courthouse last week. Kent County (Grand Rapids) Circuit Judge Fred Searl declared that the county board was malapportioned. Members of the county board are selected from townships and cities. Each township receives one representative while cities are represented by a complicated formula based on population. Rural townships are generally over-represented according to the criterion of one man- one vote laid down by the U.S. Supreme Court this year. Searl declared that over-representation accorded to voters in sparsely n ew rena s nange oneges 1962 REPORT : UN Population Study Shows Rate Increase UNITED NATIONS (M)-The world is filling up with people faster as it grows older. A record 2.1 per cent would average rate of increase has been chalked up for 1962, the latest period for which figures are available. There is little sign of any slowup. The United Nations demographic yearbook statisticians figure that the world density of population now averages 23 persons a square kilometer-which translates into nearly 59 in a square mile. The population explosion is compounded from more babies being born and people living longer, thanks to improved medical care. There is Coup, Chiefs In Bolivia Face Exile LA PAZ (P)-The Bolivian gov- ernment tightened security in ma- jor cities yesterday and informed sources reported the regime is con- sidering exile for any rightist or leftist political leaders found guil- ty of taking part in a plot to overthrow President Victor Paz Estenssoro in a weekend coup. The sources said it was possi- ble that deportations to neigh- boring Paraguay would be carried out next week. There was no word here whether President Alfredo Stroessnes of Paraguay would ac- cept Bolivian exiles, particularly leftists. The government announced Sunday it had arrested 60 mem- bers of rightist and leftist politi- cal, parties in an army sweep against the alleged coup. They included a former Paz colleague, ex-President Hernan Siles Zuazo. Leftist Not Included The informants said the name of former Vice-President Juan Lechin, leftist leader of Bolivian tin miners, is not on the list for possible exile but that many mem- bers of his leftist revolutionary party are. Lechin has gone into hiding, however. Siles and other rightists join- ed forces with Lechin and his left- ist followers after Paz was re- elected to a second successive term May 31. They charged that Paz was forbidden by the constitution from succeeding himself as presi- dent. The constitution has prohibited presidents from serving consecu- tive terms but Paz' National Rev- olutionary Movement (M N R) pushed through the 1960 congress an amendment permitting it. Paz' opponents claimed the amend- ment did not apply to Paz. Order Curfews Cracking down in the after- math of the weekend-events, the government ordered 11 p.m. to 5 a.m. curfews in major cities. In La Paz, no one was allowed out- side city limits without a safe conduct pass. Paz' government imposed a state of siege (modified martial law) Sunday. Dispatches from Sucre, about 310 miles southeast of La Paz, re- ported that one of the reasons for the state of siege was a dem- onstration Saturday during which a mob attacked the United States Information Service building and the homes of MNR local leaders. one case-Ireland-where a de- crease has been listed by the year- book. It comes about through a combination of a birth rate below the world average of 37 per 1,000 population-the Irish rate is 22.2 --and emigration. The rate of "growth" for Ireland is listed as minus 0.3 per cent.< Fastest Growing3 Central America, including the Caribbean, is the fastest growing1 region in the world. Since 19581 the population has grown at an annual rate of 2.9 per cent. But starting with the millions1 of people already in east Asia, that1 region's 2.5 per cent increase ac- counted for the largest in ab- solute numbers, putting 74 milliont more people in the area in 1962j than there were in 1958.t By continents, the heaviest1 average percentage of increase was South America, with 2.7 per cent, followed by Africa's 2.4 per cent, Asia's 2.3 and 2.2 for the Western Hemisphere and Oceania. The1 North American continent rate was 1.6, and Europe's rate aver-f aged 0.9 per cent.1 The average for the Asiatic and European areas of the Soviet Un-J ion was 1.7 per cent. Tiny Areas High Some tiny areas of the world forj one reason or another showedt rates high above the world aver-1 age.] Oil-rich Kuwait had an 11.3 per cent rate and Qatar 8.3 per cent.3 In the Western Hemisphere Sur- inam had 5.5 per cent, Greenland1 4 per cent, the United States Vir-1 gin Islands 3.9 per cent. But Costa Rica's 4.3 per cent was high for established countries. In Africa, two new countries stood out-Mauritania with 5.1a per cent and Burundi with 4.9 per cent. Twenty other countries in Africaj were above the 2.1 per cent worldI average. Below them were Nigeria; and the Central African Republic with 1.9 per cent, Congo Brazza- ville with 1.3 per cent, Zanzibar with 1.7 per cent and Sierra Leone with 0.5 per cent. In Europe, Switzerland matched the world average, and Albania with 3.2 per cent and Liechten- stein with 3.1 per cent were above. it. The rest ranged from Iceland's 1.9 per cent down through Hun- gary's .04 per cent--and the Irish minus quantity-with 16 coun- tries below even one per cent gains. In Asia, the majority were above the world level, from crowded Hong Cong's 4.5 per cent down to Thailand's 3 per cent. 15 areas had a 3 per cent' or above rate. - Five other countries were below, with Japan-after severals of birth .control programs-registering a 0.9 per cent rate. S The world death rate is 17 per 1 1,000 population, down one from the previous year. Agreements End Lengthy Talk Session Unions, Railroad Settle Job Dispute WASHINGTON (M-)-Strike sig- nals flying over most of the na- tion's railroads were hauled down yesterday, ending the second threatened national transportation tieup in less than six months. Negotiators for the railroads and six shop craft unions an- nounced a "tentative agreement" on four major issues in their job security dispute and settlement of a fifth point seemed assured. In the absence of an agree- ment, the strike was to have started at 6 a.m. (local time) to- day. Marathon Talks The strike threat ended abrupt- ly ,yesterday after more than 30 hours of marathon talks with none of the cliff-hanging dramatics that accompanied last April's White House settlement of a similar na- tionwide rail dispute. Both J. E. Wolfe, chief railroad negotiator, and Michael Fox, head union spokesman, expressed con- fidence of being able to "wrap up the balance of the dispute" in talks resuming at 10 a.m. today. They indicated this should be ac- complished within a few days. Although President Lyndon B. Johnson did not intervene pub- licly as he did in last April's strike threat by five train-oper- ating unions, negotiators indicated the President had made it plain the government would not stand for a strike. 'Well Advised' Johnson was "kept well advised" throughout the progress of the talks, said Francis A. O'Neill, mem- ber of the National Mediation Board who guided railroads and unions toward the tentative agree- ment. O'Neill released no details of the tentative agreement except to say that unions and management have agreed on "a certain formula." However, spokesmen indicated the tentative agreement was made along lines recommended by a presidential emergency board last month. Spokesmen for both unions and management indicated there is lit- tle danger if any of a renewed strike threat. "We have reached an agreement on four of the major issues in- volved and feel certain we will be able to complete the agree- ment very soon," said Fox. "The fact that we have disposed of these troublesome issues ... in- dicates . . . that railroad manage- ment and railroad labor are big enough to solve their own prob- lems," Wolfe said. settled townships is a violation of the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment of the federal constitution. Next Challenge "Suits are coming and coming fast. This is the next stage in the chal- lenge of malapportionment," Prof. Arthur Bromage of the political science department commented recently. In a speech delivered recently to the Michigan Municipal League in Lansing he predicted that fed- eralism will not be considered a valid defense for, over-representa- tion on a county board. This argu- ment will be rejected as it was when the Supreme Court ordered redistricting of state legislatures, he said. As a solution to this growing problem in Michigan, New York, Illinois and Wisconsin, Bromage suggested that "our only rational alternative may be to elect five, seven, nine or some such number of county board supervisors, either at large or from districts approxi- mately equal in population." Not Only Counties Not only counties are involved' in this problem if the decision is carried to its logical conclusion, he noted. Cities whose city council- men are elected on a ward basis are equally vulnerable if some wards are found to have signifi- cantly fewer residents than others. To avoid litigation such muni- cipalities would do well to make their wards as equal in population as possible, Bromage said. A third type of government unit, the metropolitan authority, may also be involved in this extension of the Supreme Court's June de- cision forbidding one man to have more influence at the ballot box than another. Public Corporations Metropolitan authorities are public corporations created to meet specific and usually limited needs of a locality. Examples are local park districts and metro- politan planning commissions. According to Bromage, "such authorities rarely conform to one man-one vote." They may beelect- ed by the people, but more likely they are appointed by the gover- nor, local judge or participating local governments. At present no one knows how: the courts will handle these service and administrative agencies. They may be viewed as quite different from general governing bodies, Bromage said. What does this mean to a city resident in a county presently con- trolled by a rural minority? For one thing, it will bring the rural- urban controversy right down to the local level, Bromage said. Rural politicians losing power are not likely to stand idly by. Once the transfer of political power has been made to the representatives of the more urban areas, the coun- ty should give increased attention to city demands for service, he added. EDITOR'S NOTE: "Enrollment Crisis" is a term familiar 'to the American educational community. This article is the first in a series investigating how this and otherI problems arenaffecting European higher education. By RITA DERSHOWITZ Collegiate Press Service LONDON-The European stu- dent today studies under condi- tions that differ radically from those which existed only a gen- eration ago. Whereas American education is rooted in the rela- tively modern concept of mass ed-, ucation, the European system. reaching far back into the Middle Ages, has traditionally fulfilled an elitist and rather esoteric func- tion. Fifty years ago, for example; British education was designed to. prepare children of the ruling class for their eventual roles in the political system. Now one of the accepted functions of the edu- cational system is to uncover the untapped talents of the lower mid- dle and working classes. The most prominent guardian. of the tradition, Oxford and Cam- bridge, are probably the last bas- tions of the old style, strongly and resolutely resisting the pleb- ian onrush. But even these two old dowagers of the Ivory Tower are slowly beginning to awaken and join the national debate on university reform. Same Pressures The revolution now taking place in Western Europe higher educa- tion rises out of many of the same pressures that American universities are feeling: the post- World War II baby boom, the demands of an increasingly indus- trialized society, middle-class fam- ilies and the clamor for higher education. The question is whether high- er education should be open tc all students who desire it, and the problem becomes acute in the face of the rising student population. In Britain and West Germany al- most 20 per cent of all high school students are following a course of study leading to university en- trance. A recent series of articles on reform of the French educational system by Girod de l'Ain, educa- tion editor of "Le Monde," posed the question of whether educa- tional reform "is a matter of reaching the American system ir stages. No European country either west or east, seems to have decided." The contrast between the old and the new is most striking in Britain. The "Oxbridge" system the oldest in England, now pro- vides places for only 16 per cent of all university students, as against 22 per cent before World War IL. The burden of providing higher education for an increasing stu- dent population has fallen to the "redbrick universities," dynamic institutions located in the indus- trial centers and originally in- tended to serve local needs. National Centers They have become national cen- ters, drawing over one-third of all the university students in England. More recent expansion has center- ed about the younger civic uni- versities, founded between the two wars, and the establishment of seven new universities since 1958. A government commission on higher education, headed by Lord Lionel Robbins, professor of eco- nomics at the University of Lon- don, issued a mammoth and un- precedented report in 1963 calling for rapidly increasing expansion of the university system. The Robbins report seems to have marked the beginning of 'R new era in Britain, and all dis- cussion on the subject begins eith- er for or against Robbins. Startling in Emphasis The report was startling not simply in terms of the number. of students it wished the universi- ties to accommodate, but also in the emphasis it placed on the con- cept of a university as an institu- tion responsible to the needs of society as well as to the needs of its individual students. The first objective of any prop- erly balanced system, the Robbing report declared, is "instruction in skills suitable to play a part in the general division of labor. Wt regard it as the most important. put this first, not because we but because we think that is some- times ignored or undervalued." In France the crisis in higher, education consists almost wholly of a numbers game. The main building of the Sorbonne, the lib- eral arts faculty of the Univer- sity of Paris, was built in 1890 for a student body of 1000. Pres- ent enrollment in the same build- ing is over 33,000. 'Demagogy' Decentralization of the mono- lithic French higher education system has been proposed as the solution to overcrowding in Paris. The French government has at- tempted to encourage students to attend the provincial universitieE and. a.couple of new campuses out- side Paris, but, this has consistent- ly failed. In West Germany, on the other hand, what is called the "cata- strophe of education" is blamed on decentralized, relatively unco- ordinated educational system. No Central Ministry There is no central Ministry of Education, as there is in France and England. Educational policy is formulated independently by the minister of cultural affairs ir each of West Germany's twelve states. No comprehensive program exists as a result of the lack of central planning. Teaching, an occupation which has attracted particular attention in other Western nations, has suf- fered heavily in West Germany. It is estimated that 00 per cent of all students currently at the universities would have to become teachers before the national need would be met. Educational reform in Western Europe is proceeding on two as- sumptions: one, that higher edu- cation should be available to more students, if not all students; and two, that the university is no long- er an isolated community, but bears a definite responsibility to- ward the society in which it exists. PROF. BROMAGE World News Roundup By The Associated PressI CARACAS - President CharleF de Gaulle arrived under massiveI security guard yesterday to open his drive to spread France's in- fluence in Latin America. Jet fighters and helicopters flew over- head. * 0 . PARIS---The three feuding lead- ; ers of the troubled Southeast Asian kingdom of Laos held their long-postponed Paris summit con- ference yesterday. Although they agreed partly on an agenda, the talks broke up after four hours and the three princes decided to turn over further debate to their sub- ordinates. NAIROBI, Kenya-Rioting Digc tribesmen demolished a million- dollar dam with spades, spears and axes near Mombasa this weekend and ruined a' plan to modernize sugar production in the area. WASHINGTON-Talks by Sen- ate Republican leader Everett M. Dirksen of revising his legisla- tive reapportionment p r o p o s a l raised only a faint ray of hope yesterday for breaking the Sen- ate filibuster over the issue. He indicated the change would be only in wording and not in the substance of his proposal to delay court-ordered reapportion- ment on a one-man, one-vote principle. NAIROBI, Kenya-Rioting Digo tribesmen demolished 'a million- dollar dam with spades, spears and axes near Mombasa this weekend and ruined a plan to modernize sugar production in the area. *Now Appearing at the Golden Vanity SPECIAL RATES! for STUDENTS and FACULTY on Leading Magazines CALL US! STUDENT PERIODICAL AGENCY Box 1161, Ann Arbor Phone 662-3061 G,, , . 4 UP ' S' p O _., o =. r . = o JAPAN: .Ae u awake? * Of its role in today's world? Discussion-V. K. Bayashi Tuesday, Sept. 22, Multi-Purpose Room UGLI at 7:00 p.m. * its.cultural character? Discussion-Dr. Wm. Malm Wed., Sept. 23, Multi-Purpose Room * Of its people here on campus? Folk-Cultural Evening 7:00 p.m. at International Center I I I II STUDENT EMPLOYEES Student employees needed in Residence i AUSTIN Refreshments and Entertainment 50c (for expenses) D IA MON D 1209 S. University 663-7151 INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS ASSN. 0 0PIERCED EARRIINGS IMPORTED FROM ITALY AND FRANCE 14K Solid Gold PETITE-STONES-POST BUTTON STYLE iA Cf) Halls for part-time food service jobs: I ustina, dhswashinao counter work. etc. I