THURSDAY, 15 APRIL 1965 THE MICHIGAN DAILY 1 x tw 1M THURSDAYs15 APRIa1965vTaE M1C1114l fl114111 PAGE St Center Studies Ways To Reduce Tension HANOI PROPOSAL: U.S. Sees Offer as Hint of Softer Line (Continued from Page 1) these' contacts. Angell's study focuses on seven types of transnational contact: participation through non-gov- i ernmental organizations, through study abroad, through business- men whose occupations take them abroad, through members of the military stationed abroad, through people participating in "helpful" work such as the Peace Corps, technical assistance programs, and work camps, through migration and subsequent visiting relatives abroad and through participants 4 in any form of a United Nations' agency. Angell developed his hypothesis about participation because there is evidence that living with a for- eign- people helps people realize the need for getting along inter- nationally. The. importance of this, Angell pointed out, is that if this expe- rience affects people in such a * way that they want to get along, then these people, who are well educated for the most part, influ- ence those who make foreign pol- icy in their own countries in such a way as to lead toward accommo- dation between nations. Cosmopolitan Attitude V This does not mean that a busi- ness man, for example, may love the people he meets, Angell ex- plained. However, he still can de- velop a "cosmopolitan" attitude which makes him want to get along with these people. Explaining what he has discov- _ ered so far, Angell commented that there have been books writ- ten on particular forms of trans- national participation but there' have been very few studies giving an overall view of this phenome- non. Migration is another topic that interests Angell. Between 1880 and 1915 migration into the U.S. re- sulted in a great deal of hostility and did little for world peace, he said. But post World War II mi- gration had much better results. Australian Migration What made the difference is one question Angell is trying to answer. As for stationing military abroad in peace time, this probably has a negative effect, Angell said. This runs counter to his main hypothe- 4, sis.",For -example, in Munich the American military is housed in what amounts to an American en- clave, separate from the German population. This isolation, as well as the fact that enlisted men are usually not as educated as mem- bers of the other groups, accounts for the. negative effects, Angell explained. The case of United Nations agen- cies is another concern of Angell's work. He is not focusing on the diplomats, but on those working ' in agencies such as the United; Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization or the World Health Organization. About 10,000 4 There are approximately 10,000 people in this form of interna- tional civil service, he said. What ? Angell is trying to determine is whether these people have any in- fluence on their own countries' policy. In order to determine this, An- gell is using previous occupations as an index. For example, lawyers, doctors and teachers will probably be people of great influence in their own country, Angell ex- plained. Gamson, in his project, defined behavior which decreases the amount of disagreement as concil- iatory behavior and behavior which increases the amount of disagreement as refractory beha- vior. 31 Issues He has evaluated- a series of 31 separate issues that have arisen between the West and the Soviet bloc at different times during a seven-year period from January, 1946 to September, 1953. He in- tends to extend the study up to the present time. *, These events include such things as the Berlin blockade and the invasion of 'Korea. Gamson is using the New York Times as his "weather vane" to determine the degree of serious- ness of the. actions. The Times Compared The Times is then compared to a pool of nine other newspapers Including Pravda and Izvestia. This is to see whether there are any particular biases that result from using the New York Times. The pool is then used as a con- trol in the analysis of the events when such biases occur. By dividing the total magnitude, which is determined by adding all the individual magnitudes of all the stories reporting an event together, by the number of days in the time period, Gamson de- d termines a "daily average magni- tude" score. He then can deter- mine whether refractory action, for example, clusters early in the period, late in the period or is spread throughout the period. ' hi fotn, ha nall 1the "eitr of containment, since Russia maintains a policy of cautious ex- pansion, but would be unwilling to take great risks or -The U.S. should follow a less aggressive policy than at present since Russia like the U.S. has a large stake in maintaining the status quo. The aggressive behav- ior of the U.S. merely forces Rus- sia into a corner where fear of American intentions cause them to retaliate. An Increase in Conflict Taking these three alternatives into consideration then suppose the U.S. does something which in- creases conflict between Russia and America, Gamson asked. By the first theory Russia would. not make concessions and if anything might become more intransigent because the U.S. had driven her into a corner, by the next theory she would make concessions only if the threat is great and by the last theory she would make con- cessions only if the threats were balanced by a willingness to com- promise. Comparing Russia's response with those she is expected to give should give some insight into the accuracy of each of the assump- tions, Gamson feels. Thus far it appears that there are very serious questions about assumptions underlying the policy of containment followed by all the administrations since World War II. International Attitudes Research by Hefner is on atti- tudes in the United States toward other nations. Two variables which, Hefner found, were used frequently to determine attitudes toward other countries and international af- fairs are whether they are rich or poor, Communist or non-Com- munist. This is according to a re- cent interview conducted in the Detroit area. The interview, called "Meas- urement and Validation of In- ternational Attitudes" was con- ducted by Hefier and Prof. Shel- don Levy of the psychology de- partment. The results obtained thus far are part of the first ob- jective of the study on "the multi- dimensional scaling of interna- tional attitudes. In order to ob- tain the variables used most coi- monly in evaluating other coun- tries, people were given general questionnaires. In addition, a number of "laboratory" techniques of psychological scaling were tried out in the survey. Other Aims The interview had two other ob- jectives, the results of which have not been fully analyzed, Hefner said. The second objective, "a vali- dation of attitudinal measures against action criteria" is an at- tempt to see ifa relationship ex- ists between an individual's ac- tivities related to international re- lations and the attitudes he ex- presses on international affairs. "A test of the relations between international attitudes measured by survey techniques on the one hand; and as reflected in the news media to which the person is exposed on the other," is the third objective of the study. In this part of the study, the news media to which the person is exposed are evaluated to see if they can be used as a prediction of his atti- tudes. The survey is not intended to be "just a study of U.S. attitudes, but also an attempt to find ways of extending the study to other countries," Levy said. It is hoped that the results of the latter part of the study, the prediction of at- titudes by an analysis of the news media or by interviewing the elite, will provide a means for a more simplified study in other coun- tries, particularly countries where it is not feasible to carry out a survey study, Hefner said. (Continued from Page 3) moval of American troops was viewed as a possible trick to continue Communist aggression against the Saigon government. Hanoi Control U.S. authorities continue to in- sist that North Vietnam exercises complete command and control over the Viet Cong guerrillas. Officials have told a two-day conference of news editors and broadcasters that the United States is seeking international guarantees to prevent continued infiltration from North Viet Nam. U.S. authorities have said that if the infiltration of arms and men from the north is halted, it is be- lieved the South Viet Nam govern- ment could handle the Viet Cong guerrillas. Continue Air Strikes The United States is expected to continue air strikes on North Viet Nam at an intensified pace in the next month. Officials claim the bombing raids are causing substantial trouble for the Hanoi government and are interfering with the flow of men and weapons from the North to the South. Officials noted that the North Vietnamese proposals show that Hanoi and Washington are still far from achieving a viable basis for exploratory negotiations on ending the war. In effect, the North Vietnamese rejected President Johnson's re- cent suggestion for talks without conditions by asking that their peace formula be adopted prior to discussions, these officials say. Alternative Viewpoints There were two viewpoints prev- alent in Washington. Some ex- perts claim that North Vietnam would consider talks only if Wash- ington first agrees to work toward the settlement proposed by Hanoi. Others said that President Lyn- don B. Johnson had also proposed a basis for a final settlement and that most diplomatic soundings begin with a discussion about tile "basis" of negotiations and about what is to be negotiated. Thus, it was felt, North Vietnam's condi- tions for talks represented its own viewpoint as to how a final settle- ment might look, just as Presi- dent Johnson's Baltimore speech last week did. However, most Washington of- ficials agreed yesterday that a formula fo rtalks on the Vietnam war had still not been reached despite the more conciliatory tone of Hanoi's latest plan. More fight- ing and a possible further escala- tion of the war is seen as likely before any substantive talks can begin. There was no reaction as yet in Washington to a French news- paper report quoting Communist China's premier, Chou En-Lai, as stating that the U.S. is planning to unleash a war against China. Chou's interpretation of Ameri- can motives differed from the position expressed recently by Chi- nese Communist party leader Mao Tse-Tung, who said he believed the U.S. wished to avoid a war with Communist China. Hanoi Offer For Parley Tui'ied Down (Continued from Page 3) every government soldier killed compared with a one-to-one ratio six weeks ago. They are capturing weapons at a 4-1 ratio compared to 1-1 previously. If the infiltration and direction of the fighting by North Viet Nam is stopped, officials said, the South Vietnamese government has the means to bring the guerrillas under control. Asked how the United States would know that Hanoi has end- ed infiltration and control, the of- ficials said methods are available which would soon determine the end of such activity by the North Vietnamese. -Associated Press U.S. MARINES IN COMBAT GEAR WADE ASHORE from landing ships near the American mili- tary base at Da Nang, South Viet Nam. The continued buildup of military strength at the vital base has now placed 8,000 Marines at Da Nang to protect the U.S. installation and the important air strip there. RVl Repots V iet Polcy Ga 1 T' f1TTTA!^1T7 i mD T'1..: 1... -I- 'l1... ,...__ LONDON (P) - British Foreign United States imperialists mustt Secretary Michael Stewart said respect the Geneva agreements yesterday United States policy and withdraw from South Viet evolving in Viet Nam has been Nam." winning ever wider support, even In his speech, Stewart left the among doubters. impression he expects the SovietI Speaking to 300 newsmen and Union to join Britain-as co-1 diplomats at a Foreign Press As- chairmen of the 1954 Indochinese1 sociation luncheon, Steward de- peace settlement-in the quest for clared President Lyndon B. John- peace. son's speech in Baltimore made Meanwhile, at the United Na- clear that "the government of the tions, Wilson expressed belief that United States is prepared to enter President Johnson's offer to enter into any discussion in any form at into unconditional negotiations any place and without precondi- could break "a vicious circle" in tions." the Viet Nam crisis and lead to a "The responsibility for the next lasting peace. move now does lie on the other He told a crowded news confer- (Communist) side in this dispute," ence at UN Headquarters that it he added. is up to the parties concerned in a There were these other develop- clear reference to the Communists ments on the diplomatic front: j-to take up the President's offer.! -British Prime Minister Har- Wilson will meet tomorrow with old Wilson was in New York for President Johnson in Washington, talks with Secretary-General U where Viet Nam is expected to Thant on the Vietnamese crisis rank high among matters to be and will see President Johnson in discussed. Washington tomorrow. The prime minister was asked if -A Tass dispatch from Hanoi he believed North Viet Nam would quoted President Ho Chi Minh enter peace talks while undergo= of North Viet Nam as saying "the ing U.S. bombardment. I (I IAA .kA rrdirrc'% -I El kiiwi~ U iig Support "It's a bit of a vicious circle," he commented in reply. But he added that he believed President Johnson's offer on negotiations made in his speech in Baltimore last Wednesday could begin to break the circle, and it was up to the parties concerned to enter in- to negotiations. ____ _ _... _ _ _.. __._ _ n- . _ r- -- - .. . 11 FI ANN ARBOR'S NEWEST BOOKSTORE Pays the highest prices for all used Quality Paperbacks CENTICORE BOOKSHOP 1321 South University hetwee . Forest & Washtenaw Noon to Midnight Every Ray BOX STORAGE The convenient and economical way to store your clothes $4.95 per box plus regular cleaning charges, fully .insured. Play it cool! 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