_____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ _ -THE. MIC ~ilrr A EDNEDAY,13 J NIJA A' S f F~ j n: ~ . .. "a. ..:. 6 : e . . .L .Kt : n IX ,. . _., C4 .. 'n, ..:"f.. , : :..., f . ,... .. a 'S^>4' ...:.4 .,. ipt.T T n ..~ : .3 . ,v.. :.. ..n'> .: ..'f .:u4.. ... . . uta ) ,. .f .io.. n... 4:'xN.;^' ..4. a . , . ..:.- ._ .. _,:..>.....) :.e . "4'Ra ::'4_..:n;> ._?a , .. , ..a '. , n n, >. . .S. , "., ". r ~ a .. , . ., . rN,., .' \ ., .:... ..' : " : . 4 .. : b,> ,4 .U.N: :, T'. .w . ":J ,.m X ' . u a^ v., . O£ Cit .c \xqv.NU c :' J.,,.. ;,::., v "...\,. M h v".., a. tic . .._. . .4.,..n.., t ~"~ . . . ,: ..., .... . .. ..,vf ''A,4T . . . . . . . . ... . .,.. . . . . .). ....... ..a"an.,J a .... . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . ...,.. . ... .. . ...... . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >l. M ,n h" .. .. . '(. Y 4.T. 4,'4 .\ . . .. , .nR.. . . .. C ._n.a~ v :.... : .n ,.::^..a,, :>n. . Itpr./pY ', " : y ,. 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' .v-..-._ , ." .. .. .N... a..,,.,._ ..Ai , f fN : ra4 .J ,lr N,.. L . . N . N.. :.".... .._....... .. __ .N ".._:....... f < " ;:' :.a N , , v n v ,, . f "v" r, . \ .aRn nA \ > .v h . " ..... ... .44 aV . m~ '4.n .. <." , k .."..... ,T t .. . <.. " .: a :,.: . P L ANr. " ., . , . . Z > ,- .A .. T.TK . w .. \,. .KKK. .. )fK N'. ,. N. : ..n... a .,..Lt,.a . :....Kf. a. ..v' C '3,,.e:a', '. . .< .. la~. 4."\ < , n~ >am ". .. a . . .. K.. n~.>. :,..o"" v. Y ~F,:."G ,a.t. 2 " .n::" Y 1965 -.4 ~ S~4>. [ N'~ 4.. .7' ~4... K.K.K.K.K.K~KN$~KK.~ ~ ~ N'~ ~ The first plan for University development shown above was even- 1 840: REALITY tually Junked for lack of sufficient funds. Its author is believed to have been the University's major contractor for later structures. The rejection of the first plan is indicated clearly in this plant de- He envisioned a line of academic buildings along State St., some of partment diagram of the campus of 1840. Only the lower left house which would double as dormitory facilities. The professors' houses still stands today as the President's residence on South Universlty facing North and South University Avenues were the only buildings The four houses were at that time used as residences for the pro- actually constructed at the time of the plan, although the Regents fessors and as places for instruction. Mason Hall was being con- were then preparing to build the first Mason Hall along State St.. structed. I 1960:. REALITY From the oval Michigan Stadium on the southwest to the children's hospital and veteran's rehabilitation center on the northeast, the Uni- versity's major campus stretches in a disorganized pattern. The above physical plant diagram does not include most of the 4000 acres of property which the institution owns on North Campus and elsewhere in the state. But it does show the extent of campus development since the 1830's, when the Regents began to build the University in a 40-acre square bounded today by North, East, South University Avenues and to give right angles to the northeast corner of the acreage and define the square which today is bordered by North, South, East and State Streets. By 1840 the real estate was speckled with four professors' houses, of which the only survivor is the President's house on South University. Most of the 60 students who enrolled in 1841 lived and studied in the grisly Mason Hall, the first home of the literary department, which was eventually torn down. 159 Students By 1850 the enrollment had soared to 159 and required a second literary department structure, South College building, which also was located at the west end of the campus. The newly- created medical department merited a structure in the early 1850s -and the Regents placed it in a pasture on the east side of the campus. When Jame Burriil Angell took office as the institution's fourth President in 1871, the University's nine buildings were already arranged by function. The 1207 students who enrolled that year found the medical building and chemistry laboratory grouped along the east side of the square, the literary department structures on the west and a law department building slightly north of them. The remaining buildings were the original professors' homes bunched at the southern and northern ends of the campus. Dia-, grams of the campus prominently displayed the diagonal which bisected the campus and had tributaries linking up the buildings. President Angell proved to be the master builder. During his reign, lasting through 1909, 50 buildings were constructed includ- ing the General Library and a number of structures in what is now called the Medical Center. There was 'little general planning during this period; the construction pattern proceeded like an inkspot expanding outward from the central 40 acres. In the 1920s, the idea of planning the campus was favorably received by the Regents. The 1838 plan for a flock of- buildings lining State St. had been dropped. But the principle of linear development sprouted up again when the construction of a new General Library, on its present site, placed it at the head of a clear vista northward. Professional architects consulted at this time saw the possi- bilities. Among them, the firms of Pitkin and Mott of Cleveland and the Olmstead Brothers of Boston envisioned and diagrammed a mall leading northward from the library or northeastward from the center of the diag towards the medical center. Building Programs These developments of campus theory were matched with pragmatic decisions by the Regents in the early twenties to ap- point. a building committee of five members. Its task: to prepare long-range building programs. But the depression and the war were to interrupt planning efforts and the campus continued to fill out eccentrically in the same helter-skelter fashion that had dominated earlier growth. In this era, the professional schools sprang up in odd spots around the central campus vicinity, Completion of the Rackham Bldg. in 1938 made the mall concept a reality. But elsewhere, signs of planning were few. At the opposite end of the campus,. the architecture and design college and business administration schools emerged on the southeast while the Law School was built on the southwest, but there was little concern shown for planning rela-, tionships between these units. It was not until the post-war era that -University, planners began to arrange comprehensive programs of development. One such program was prepared by a faculty-administration building committee in 1943 advocating massive state support for expansion of the library system, the literary college, the engineering and music schools and the residence hall systems. Their farsightedness was verified by the later acceptance of many recommendations, resulting in the construction of Mason and Haven Halls, the purchase of North Campus and the erection of South Quadrangle and Mary Markley in the fifties. North Campus In 1951 the renowned architect Eero Saarinen presented a general plan for North Campus which was later expanded upon by Johnson, Johnson and Roy. The firm also did studies of the Medical Center. But their major product--and the major tool for development which exists today-was the central campus study, completed in 1963. Drawing upon history as its major source of inspiration, the plan charts "tendencies" of campus development since 1837. These historical features were stressed: -The development of the campus has been disordered pro- gression from the center out, like the spreading ink spot. The study notes that in some periods growth has centered in one area, such as the area north of the central campus in the 1930s. But the overall tendency has been concentric growth around the original 40 acres.1 -As the ink spot has spread, smaller sub-groupings, such as the Medical Center and athletic campus, have formed. These areas bred their own focal; points and unique characteristics. -The walkway has served increasingly as the dominant force of cohesion, the plan observes. The potency of the diag in organiz-s ing the central campus illustrates the value of the walkway and hence should be tapped for organizing the expanded campus. The success of the walkway system here is its simple pattern: the criss- crossing of two diagonals focusing on a center. Yet this pattern can be easily joined by further pathways withous destroying, it, the plan states. The study points to the literary college as a good example of the inkspot theory. Its spreading core now ranges from the steps of Angell Hall to the Physics-Astronomy Bldg.; from Tappan Hall to the Frieze Bldg. Clustered around this core are the professional schools-engineering, dentistry and others-many of which are being phased out to north campus. Cluster Principle But the historical lesson which can be drawn, the plan states, is that the core and cluster principle need not disappear from Cen- tral Campus with the flight of the graduate schools. Instead, a new core-the library complex-will arise and around it a series of sub- campus zones will form on the fringe of the 40 acres. These zones would not be enclosed from the library and center by barbed wire and high gates. They would merely be smaller cam- pus areas united by their function and bound together by a vast system of walkways, open plazas and thoroughfares-al] the archi- tectural devices for achieving beauty and harmony, Specifically, the five sub-campus zones envisioned are theseo: -An academic area northeast of Central Campus focused on the dental school buildings and two office-=classroom complexes but including a plaza east of the dental school, parking facilities behind it and the development of Felch Park behind those facilities; -An academic area directly east of Central Campus based around the Physics-Astronomy and East Engineering Buildings but featuring a- campus green where the East Medical Bldg. is now; -An academic area south of Central Campus containing the law and business administration schools and permitting major stu- dent movement through the Law Quad, an office-classroom-housing State St. The story of that development is traced in site plans and ; plant department diagrams on these two pages. Continued from Page 1 froam the conceptual point of view. Their recommendations will " ike a strong imprint on those areas, officials say, because they we-re concerned with the relationships of buildings, open spaces, w ,lkways and topography of the area rather than with the speci- n~ations for one structure. Nowhere is conceptual planning better illustrated than in the University's most recent and most ambitious attempt to plot its physical future-the Central Campus study conducted by Johnson Johnson and Roy in 1963. As a blue print for expansion, the Central Campus plan tries to prepare the University for what it calls "determined and in- determinate growth." It calls for the creation of a diagonal walkway system that will link, the central and surrounding campus area. It urges the re-circulation of traffic to leave a campus which is a haven for the pedestrian. Exciting Contrasts It seeks the development of exciting contrasts to bunched buildings: open plazas, campus green, unusual plants and il- lumination. It recommends the establishment of special areas arranged around the 40 acres. Each area will be planned for a specific function-either academics, entertainment or recreation-and spiced with. a unique architectural flavor., As a conceptual guide, the campus plan has a strong sense of history, reflecting the conscious effort\ of the planners to breed tomorrow's campus from yesterday's and today's patterns. The diagonals, the malls, the organized fringe areas are all elements which have prevailed over the more than 125 years that the Uni- versity has grown in Ann Arbor. In the words of William Johnson, the plan is "based on the assumption that the University will continue to grow as it has since. the University was founded in 1837." He notes that Ann Arbor's population at that time-2000-would today not even crowd the library. Yet some things remain constant. "A student today can walk no faster, get no less tired on three flights of stairs, becomes no less drenched in a rainstorm than in 1837." Story Begins The story of the central campus began when the state legis- lature, wishing to relocate the University ouside the Detroit site it had occupied since its founding, picked Ann Arbor. The reason reportedly was an offer by an Ann Arbor land company to donate a site for the institution. Following the Legislature's decision, eleven Regents journeyed by horseback to Ann Arbor from Detroit in June of 1837. They toyed with a 40 acre location overlooking the Huron River, but finally settled upon 40.3 acres of grassy farmland on the out- skirts of the city. A year later, they swapped a few acres with the land company :. . ' .444y.~.4.4 i A :}:: lx C. ." N.