SATURDAY, JULY 16, 1966 THE MICHIGAN DATIN P*V T £LZbL*5 SATURDAY, JULY 16, 1 9 6 6 THI~ MICHIGAN DAILY VA(~V 'PIZDvw CHF1tra Ar3imirlb 5 , Lovell Seeks Solutions to Mysteries of Universe JODRELL BANK, England VP)- The big dish hangs over the Chesire woodlands like some gi- gantic spaceship. Occasionally, almost impercept- ibly, it shifts position, tilted by some unseen power. The birds in the treetops sing on undisturbed. Beneath, in a complex of single- story buildings hidden by the trees, a small group of scientists are seeking the answer to the oldest of all questions: How did every- thing start, and how will every- thing end? This is Jodrell Bank-a few miles south of Manchester- brainchild of Sir Bernard Lovell, a leader among the new astron- omers-those who listen instead of look. Spectacular feats in tracking Soviet and American spaceshots have brought world fame to Lovell and his dish-Jodrell's huge radio telescope. Yet space-tracking is the merest fraction of his work, a minor sideline. His real task, and he has given his life to it, is to probe far beyond the moon and planets, far back into space and time toward the very act of creation. He is, quite literally, in contact with things that happened long before man walked the earth. To understand this, look up one night at one of the brighter stars. The light from the brightest star in the Northern Hemisphere takes nine years to reach us. So you are seeing that star not as it is now but as it was nine years ago. Lovell's radio telescope and others working with it are homing in on radio emissions that seem to have started in outer space perhaps six billion years ago. By some theories that is half way back to the origin of the universe. Now, at 52, Lovell believes'that science is on the verge of a big leap toward the answer to that oldest question-how it all began. Science is divided between two main theories-that the universe started with the explosion of a primeval atom, or that it always has been much as it is now, with new galaxies forming from prim- eval dust as old ones are destroyed. At this very moment, Lovell said, it is probably more difficult than at any time in the past decade to decide the answer. The reason is that his and similar studies have turned up so many new facts which don't always fit the theories. The big dish started work in 1957, with the government and public restive about its final cost of $2 million. Then, in October that year, the Soviets put up their first Sputnik. ly, pinpointed the course of the satellite's silent carrier rocket. Two years later Lovell told the world the Soviets had placed their Luna II rocket accurately on the moon. The Russians came up with this information later. Since 1957, Lovell has acted as a sort of middleman in the space race. Both Russians and Ameri- cans consult him and cooperate with him, and occasionally rile him. With the Russians he has co- operated in bouncing signals off the moon and Venus, projects po- tentially important in internation- al communications. American scientists at Cali- fornia's Mt. Palomar optical tele- scope-the Big Eye-probe out space for visual confirmation of Lovell's radio findings at Jodrell, the Big Ear. Lovell denounced the American project to put a ring of needles in space around the earth. He Soviet space shots. The answer is thought it a danger to other simple geography. scientific projects. U.S. experts Most Soviet space shots are insist he was wrong, controlled from a space head- big dish was hooked up to the sort of the universe to mapping man's of machine used by thousands of nearest neighbor, the moon, by newspapers and man for the first radar. time saw the moon's surface in Design studies have started for closeup, an even more powerful radio tele- He was equally critical of the Soviet attempt to put an un- manned rocket on Venus. This, he said, could carry bacteria to the planet and eliminate the chance of discovering whether life could exist independently there. The Russians said the rocket would be sterilized-it missed any- way-but Lovell insists total ster- ilization is impossible. He is worried by the amount of space junk whizzing around the earth. He believes it may make radio astronomy impossible by the end of this century. He wants in- ternational agreements to keep the spaceways clear. Americans sometimes ask why Lovell so often seems ahead of their own space experts in tracking quarters in the Crimea. The Rus- sians naturally time their shots to arrive when the target, say the moon or Mars, is above their hori- zon and they can keep perfect radio contact. Jodrell is near enough the Cri- mea to home in on the same tar- gets. But when the Russians can see the moon, the United States can't. The supreme example was this year's Jodrell triumph in moni- toring the Russians' first pictures from the moon. Lovell's assistants successfully tracked the Lunik's soft landing and began picking up signals from it. They were exactly the same sig- nals as are used to send wire- photos to newspapers. Jodrell's Lovell was criticized by both the Russians and some Western scientists for releasing these moon pictures. But he believes in free- dom of information. To the critics he said: "My' duty is to release the information obtained by the equipment at our disposal whenever it is of scien- tific and public interest. To do otherwise would be unethical." Jodrell, he insists, is not a gov- ernment agency but part of a great university . searching for knowledge. Hardly 3 per cent of its time is given to satellite and space probe tracking. Its real work, of which the pub-. lie seldom hears, ranges from mapping the furthest known limits scope capable of probing back to galaxies from which the light would take nine billion years to reach the earth. If it could be built-and the cost will run into millions-astron- omers could begin mapping the outer stars as they existed nine billion years ago. This, they say, could be decisive in choosing be- tween the two theories of universal origin. Whatever the decision, Lovell believes that somewhere out there it is highly probable that life of some kind exists or has existed. "Man," he says, "must give up the idea that he is unique, or at least the idea that the solar sys- tem is unique." Lovell picked signals but, stilla up the Sputnik more spectacular- U.S. Not Senators Ask Hanoi Prisoners Rights Bill Provision Gains Key Supporter SECOND WEEK: No Progress Seen In Air Strike Talks T-o Try WASHINGTON W) - The key civil rights spokesman for House Republicans has endorsed the open housing provision of the admin- istration's 1966 civil rights bill. The action yesterday by Rep. By The Associated Press would be a more dangerous step," known to be prisoners, one st As indications mounted that he said. It would "set loose emo- pected POW and 86 missing foi North Viet Nam intends to try tions very hard to control in this total of 104. United States pilots for "war country," he added, but he would Informed sources said intel crimes," and that such action not speculate. gence reports of Hanoi's inte would lead to American escalation Sources tions are conflicting, but t of the war, 18 U.S. senators urged Well-informed sources have been many flatly declare the trials the Communists yesterday "to re- reporting that if trials-rumored be held. Two East European Cc frain from any act of violence" to start July 20-take place, some munist news agencies carried against captured airmen. of the possible escalating measures ports on the situation, one se Execution of the prisoners that might be considered by the ing 60 Americans would be ti "would incite a public demand U.S. include: and the other predicting the tr for retaliation swift and sure" -Bombing of North Viet Nam may start within days. against the Hanoi government, the industry. The U.S. is believed to ha senators, all Democrats, said in a -Bombing of port facilities at urged countries with missions joint statement. Haiphong and vital irrigation and Hanoi to warn the Communist Sen. Frank Church (D-Idaho) flood control dams. gime of the possible consequent issued the statement, termed "a "Nothing they-North Viet Nam of the trials, which the U.S. vie plea for sanity," as representing -could do would be more likely as a serious breach of the Gene the view of senators who have ad- to increase the pressure on the conference on prisoners of war. vised against any drastic escala- President to escalate the air war," Following Hanoi's recent para tion of the war. a high government source said. ing of captured U.S. pilots, Reduce Influence Hanoi appears under swelling State Department sent a sharl The document said execution of popular pressure to act against worded protest claiming the acti the captured men--as threatened the prisoners, mostly Air Force, was a clear violation of the Ger by the Hanoi government-would Navy and Marine pilots shot down va document, which the Unit "drastically reduce the influence during raids on North Viet Nam. States, Hanoi and South Viet Ni of all those in the U.S. who have Much of thep ressure has been all have pledged to uphold. E tried to curtail the fighting." generated by the government posing prisoners to intimidati Church said the statement propaganda network which dra- insults or public curiosity is "would not have been issued if we matically stepped up its efforts pressly prohibited. wuhad not been made to feel there about one month ago. There has been no respo The inability of North Viet from North Viet Nam and offic is a very serious danger affecting Nam's Soviet-made missiles, MIG's sources said none was expeci the lives of the American airmen." and anti-aircraft batteries to halt All past efforts by the Unit That was his response when asked the daily American pounding of States, the Red Cross and frier whether the senators had con- the homeland has caused a ser- ly and neutral governments to sulted with the administration be- ous loss of face to the Ho Chi m a fore issuing their statement. Minh regime. Hanoi thus may feel - The State Department has said it is pushed into a corner where threats of war crimes trials for it must hold trials despite the the airmen are a matter of in- consequences. creasing concern to the U.S. This Prisoners was elaborated upon yesterday Official figures list 34 known when Vice-President Hubert H. prisoners of war in North Viet Humphrey warned it would be "a Nam, 56 others who are suspected The wity offiviai Bulletin is very, very serious development" to be prisoners and 93 missing for ottiniai publication of the TUnie ver, vrysits of Mi1fh'gan for which Thi if the trials take place. a total of 183. In South Viet Nam Michigan Oaiiy assumes no editor "I can't think of anything that the figures are 17 Americans tai responsibility. Notices should b better treatment for U.S. POW's William M.Mca uoch (R-Ohi) have run into stone walls. widened a split in Republican The North Vietnamese contend ranks over the disputed section., the prisoners are war criminals in The Senate GOP leader, Everett an undeclared war and thus are M. Dirksen of Illinois, has express-j not entitled to the protection of ed firm opposition to the propo- the Geneva convention. sal. Among other things the conven- McCulloch Rebl tion requires: human treatment, the Judiciary ormttee bican on no reprisals against POW's, reg-the verdiciar Coieesboe ular mall and inspection of PO with several party colleagues on the committee in lining up for thes camps and interviews with prison- compromise provision which ers by a third party. ,,,,*,,,a A height of legislative hyprocisy." Another said it is of doubtful con- stitutionality. A fourth said it is badly drafted and likely to be ineffective. - McCulloch joined with Mathias in pledging to support the proposal when it comes to the floor. Re- portedly under pressure from the House Republican leadership, Mc M Culloch had voted against the pro- posal in committee. Mathias and McCulloch ac- knowledged it would leave wide areas of housing untouched, but said the provision would assure that houses in new developments would be open to all who could afford theirs WASHINGTON (P) - The Ma- chinists strike against five major airlines entered its second week- end last night with the parties still far apart. Assistant Secretary of Labor James J. Reynolds recessed ne- gotiations at 5:30 p.m. and asked the disputants to caucus among themselves during the evening. He then asked that the negoti- ators for the AFL-CIO Interna- tional Association of Machinists and the five airlines come back today at 10 a.m. with "some new approaches to the problem." Reynolds characterized yester- I L I North Viet Nam already has executed three Americans in Te- prisal for the execution of three Viet Cong terrorists by the South Vietnamese government, A key section says prisoners prosecuted for acts committed be- fore capture still must enjoy all protection guaranteed by the trea- ty-in other words no executions. North Viet Nam, as well as some other Communist countries, in binding themselves to the treaty specifically excluded this section. The United States does not rec- ognize any exclusions to the trea- ty. Hanoi says trials are sanctioned under the Nuremberg principle. One U.S. source said the trial of German war criminals "set one of the worst possible precedents which we may see come back to haunt us." would largely exempt indivdual homeowners from its proposed ban against discrimination in the sale or rental of housing. It was adopted as a substitute for a com- plete ban proposed by the admin- istration. This compromise sponsored by Rep. Charles M. Mathias, Jr. (R- Md drew fire yesterday from a real estate spokesman and most Republican members of the Sen- ate Judiciary subcommittee, which; is holding hearings on the Senate version of the bill. The wide range of Republican views on the issue within the House Judiciary Committee was disclosed in a series of opinions added to the committee's report on the bill, which is due to come up in the House the week of July 25. Two other GOP committee members called the proposal "the World News Roundup By The Associated Press WASHINGTON - The United States yesterday recognized the military regime in Argentina which ousted President Arturo Il- lia on June 28 on charges his gov- ernment was not moving to solve the country's problems. The government of Lt. Gen. Juan Carlos Ongania apparently won its fight for U.S. recognition by pledging a return to democ- racy in Argentina, although it! made no mention of an election date. WASHINGTON-Two bank reg- ulatory agencies--the Federal Re- serve Board and the Federal De- posit Insurance Corporation - moved yesterday to cool the hot interest rate war between com- mercial banks and savings and loan institutions. They reduced from 5/2 to 5 per cent the maximum interest rate banks may pay on time deposits of 90 days or more which have more than one maturity date. The rate was dropped to 4 per cent on such deposits of less than 90 days. * * * BAD HERSFELD, Germany-An armed Soviet helicopter flew over West German territory near here Thursday and held an American helicopter at gunpoint for some minutes after forcing it to land, the U.S. Army disclosed yesterday. The incident brought a strong protest from Army headquarters, at Heidelberg. day's session, one week after the start of the strike, as "another day of futile rather than con- structive discussions." Met Separately He said he had met with the groups separately and also with individual subcommittees "to try and provide the basis for a useful joint session." "That has not been possible, so I sent them both to caucus among themselves," he said. Reynolds said the talks are still snagged on national issues which must be resolved before the dis- cussions can move to the 37 or so local issues. The national issues must be solved first because they apply equally to all the airlines, he said. He added that, "We are no nearer a settlement today than we were, really, a week ago." Reynolds said he expects to keep the negotiators at work over the weekend, if necessary. New Problem Joseph W. Ramsey, Machinists vice-president, told reporters that a possible new difficulty had aris- en, outside the formal issues. Asked whether this was some- thing on the order of the union's complaint against Northwest Air- lines' action restricting privileges of employes at Tokyo, Ramsey said this was possible, but the union was checking out the facts. Reynolds said of this possible new difficulty: "I think it will be ironed out." William J. Curtin, chief nego- tiator for the five airlines-East- ern, National, Northwest, Trans World and United - commented during a noon recess. "We still have an impasse-we have made no progress." ,:::rr:S; f;' :;{r:;:?i f{;.*.,+.$:::rrv,:v{;; $:.^:! ; :? :}r?:: $i: :{: j ^ {{s'. ::{}, {:'rfi:;'{. "o-4,".;:;:?:;i",iriy$:i%::;:: r r ;i:^: ":?ri;;'y;}'ryv h.:fr:^+T.;'r,'r:7',Ttt'::1?:i;?{ $?:::;:;??:;:}:"s:" C: {f,:;:{' {:; "1 ': .. yr :" ::,