THURSDAY,.MAY 26, 1966 THE MICHIGAN DAIVV ' lt, ' t to M1 rt ce ra . TUUSDY, AY26 196 HE ICJ(aw N fl r aiY PAGE THRiEE .L .S., Russia Locked in Tight Race to the CAPE KENNEDY, Fla. (P)-The. United States and the Soviet Union are locked in a tight race to land the first men on the moon, perhaps within three years. The winner's rewards will bp substan- tial: national prestige, scientific knowledge, possibly military dom- ination of space. Last March, President Johnson predicted that Americans would be the first on the moon. Who's ahead at this stage? It's hard to tell because of Soviet secrecy. U.S. space officials are cur- rently spending $3.3 billion on the manned space and lunar program and say their budget is adequate to the American objective. Slight cuts in recent years have not affected the manned space de- velopment; reductions were made in other phases of, the space pro- gram. On the basis of deeds accom- plished, the United States has an edge. But American space officials are looking to the next Russian manned flight to provide the an- swer. It's been more than a year since Russia sent cosmonauts into orbit. That was Voshkod 2, a one-day mission March 18, 1965, during which Alexei Leonov took history's first space walk and sent Soviet prestige soaring. Since then, the United States has orbited six two-man Gemini teams and wrested every man-in- space record from the Russians. The Gemini flights, up to 14 days, have, demonstrated the basic techniques for getting to the moon. These are ability to maneu- ver a manned space ship. rendez- vous of two ships, linkup of two space vehicles and the ability to sustain life for the length of time -8-14 days-planned for early lunar voyages. The Russians have demonstrat- ed only one of these: the space walk. Unless they show they can do the others on their next manned launching, U.S. experts believe America will hold an edge. Reports from behind the Iron Curtain indicate that during the long pause since Voshkod 2, the Russians have been developing a large third generation space ship to follow the early Vostok and the Voshkod. There are indications it may weigh up to 27,000 pounds and carry a crew of three-to-six men. The ability to link up two such craft would give the Soviets a big boost toward the moon. For it generally is believed they plan to assemble a station in earth orbit as their lunar launching pad. The United States, meanwhile, plans to make a direct ascent to the moon, using a single mam- moth Saturn 5 rocket which is scheduled for its test flight early next year. This giant 36-story-tall rocket will generate 7.5 million pounds of booster thrust, compared to 430,000 pounds for the Titan 2 which hoists the 7,700-pound Gemini craft. Why are the Russians taking the more difficult approach? The answer is that the United States-which for years has trail- ed the Russians in operational booster power-decided to develop a huge rocket engine called the F-1, with 1.5 million pounds of thrust in a single chamber. There was no serious thought about go- ing to the moon in those days and there was no specific assignment fo an engine of that size. But farsighted space agency officials felt they would need such a boost- er some day. In 1961, when both nations made their commitments to race to the moon, the United States was two years ahead in development of the huge engine-five of which will be clustered in the Saturn 5 first stage. The rocket will be able to hurl the 92,000-pound three-man Apollo ship to the moon. To stay in the race, Russia had to depend on an uprated version of the 800,000-pound thrust rocket it had been using for several months. Improvements have upped the thrust to over 1 million pounds. Best information available in- dicates the Russians plan to clus- ter three of the uprated rockets- each of which is a cluster of smaller engines-for total thrust of 3.3 million pounds. That is not enough power to send a manned ship to the moon and provide it with the means of returning to earth. Thus, the Rus- sians would have to launch two or three rockets to establish a base in earth orbit-and then launch a single stage lunar rocket from above the earth's atmosphere where not as much thrust is needed. The use of an oft-fired rocket gives the Soviets a booster reli- ability advantage. The Saturn 5 has not yet flown, and troubles could develop. However, some U.S. officials believe that ground firing tests have demonstrated the Saturn 5 first stage will work-and they feel that by the fourth flight, scheduled in 1968, the rocket could be used to send three Apollo astro- nauts to the moon. Less optimistic officials believe six or seven de- velopment flights will be required, pushing the manned landing on the moon off until 1969 or 1970. Recent statements by Russian cosmonauts indicate 1969 is their target. Another U.S. worry is the be- havior of liquid hydrogen, the high-energy fuel that has been selected to power the two upper stages of Saturn 5. In test flights it has proved a tough fuel to tame. It will receive a major test in July when a Saturn 1B rocket is to hurl a satellite full of liquid hydrogen into orbit to study its effectiveness in weightlessness. This high-energy propellant pro- duces 40 per cent more punch than liquid rocket fuels now be- ing used. Russia also reportedly is developing hydrogen, as a rocket fuel. The Saturn 1B, whose eight- engine first stage powerplant pro- duces 1.6 million pounds of thrust, will be used to lift manned Apollo ships into earth orbit in a series of rehearsals for the moon trip. The first unmanned Apollo flight with a Saturn 1B was suc- cessful in February. One more unmanned launching is scheduled in August and its success could. lead to a manned flight late this year. Before then, the four remaining Gemini shots are to further de- velop the procedures explored in the earlier flights. While its manned rockets have been idle, Russia scored two im- portant firsts this year by soft- landing a payload on the moon and orbiting one around it. Both provided valuable informa- lloon tion on the strength of the lunar surface and the environment sur- rounding the moon. Ironically, they provided the United States with confidence to move ahead, with the knowledge that the sur- face will support a manned land- ing. Before the summer is out, America hopes to soft-land two Project Surveyor space craft on the moon and send two Lunar Orbiter ships into orbit around it, placing the latter as close as 28 miles in their orbital path to photograph potential astronaut landing areas. One thing seems certain. Wheth- er astronauts or cosmonauts get there first, the world at that moment will enjoy one- of its greatest thrills-for both nations have the capability of recording man's first footstep on the dusty lunar landscape and relaying it live to television sets around the world. E I duces 40 per cent more punch Both provided valuable informa- world. U.S. Troops 'In Europe May Dwindle Senate Backing Seen For Slow Reduction In Ground Forces WASHINGTON (P)-The John- son administration apparently will have substantial Senate back- ing for any negotiations which might lead to gradual reduction in U.S. ground forces in Europe. This was the clear indication of a canvass by the Associated Press which disclosed that 44 senators would support a thinning out of the six U.S. divisions now deploy- '1 ed h.. Europe. However, only 15 senators m this group willing to take a stand on the issue supported a proposal by Democratic leader Mike Mans- field of Montana to cut the U.S. commitment to a token level of one division. Maintain Strong Defense An equal number indicated they feel the United States must main- tain a strong defensive stance on the Continent. The issue will be affected by efforts to revise the North Atlan- * tic Treaty Organization setup be- cause of France's forthcoming withdrawal of its forces from NATO command. Asked whether he would ap- prove of a reduction of U.S. forces to the token level suggested by Mansfield, Republican l e a d e r Everett M. Dirksen of Illinois pointed to the NATO problem. 'Fluid Situation' "This troop question is difficult because the NATO situation is so fluid-we don't know to what length French President Charles de Gaulle will go," he said. "Western European countries ought not to depend on us entirely for troop support and we should reduce the number of our troops as much as reasonably possible. "But we have assumed free world leadership and there is a question of how much this calls on us to do." Opinion Survey Sen. Frank Church (D-Idaho), who surveyed European opinion for forthcoming Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearings, i~ said he is against leaving on a token force in Germany. "However," he said, "I do feel that a prudent reduction should be made when the time is ap- propriate. Coming now, at the moment of the De Gaulle defec- tion, would seem to me to be an 4 inappropriate time inasmuch as it might convey to the Russians an impression that the Western alliance is fast coming unstuck." Sen. Paul Douglas (D-Ill) said that if U.S. troops are pulled out of France, "We must demand full compensation of the $2 billion to $2.5 billion of construction and equipment we have put in France for NATO." Unanswerable Question Sen. Karl E. Mundt (R-SD), a F o r e i g n Relations Committee member, said he doesn't believe 4 the troop question can be an- swered now. "I believe that the preferable solution to the situation in West- ern Europe is for us to take the leadership in the reconstitution of NATO, with the new NATO head- quarters located outside of France," he said. "I would hope that in such a reconstitution that the number of U.S. troops stationed in Europe could thereby be reduced." A (YM IPIF O~F COURSESFC. THEJ LBJ Says U.S. Cannot Condone' Perpetuation of Racial Injustice ELECTION NEXT WEEK: Dominican Political Split Exposed WASHINGTON ({P) - President Johnson told an African-oriented audience last night that the U.S. government cannot "condone the perpetuation of racial or political injustice anywhere in the world." Guiding American policy toward Rhodesia, as it has from India to the Philippines and Viet Nam and Pakistan, Johnson said, is a na- tional tradition of supporting self determination and an orderly switch to majority rule every- where. The President reaffirmed a uni- ty of purpose with African na- tions and an intention to work with others "to help you build a modern Africa." OAU Anniversary Johnson's speech, his first ma- jor address on African-American relations, was prepared for a White House reception celebrating the third anniversary of the Organi- zation of African Unity. "The United States," Johnson said, "has learned from lamentable personal experience the waste and injustice that result from the dom- ination of one race by another. Just as we are determined to re- move remnants of any inequality from our own midst, we are also with you-heart and soul-as you try to do the same. "Wedbelieve, as you do, that de- nial of a whole people's right to shape their national future is mor- ally wrong. "We also know it is politically and socially costly. A nation in the 20th century cannot expect to achieve order and sustain growth unless it moves-not just steadily but rapidly-in the direction of full political rights for all its peo- ple. "It has taken us time to learn this lesson. But having learned it we do not intend to forget it." Turning to Rhodesia and its troubles with Britain over racial problems and the question of in- dependence, Johnson said the United States is encouraging and supporting efforts of the United Kingdom and the United Nations to restore legitimate government in Rhodesia. Only when this is done, he said, can there be steps toward open- ing the power and responsibility of nationhood to all the people of that country-not just six per cent. This was a reference to the white population. Colonies IncludedI A White House official was ask- ed whether Johnson's assertion that the United States cannot condone racial or political injus- tice applied to South Africa and Portuguese colonies as well as Rhodesia. He said they would be included. Johnson only named Rhodesia. Officials said the President'sI speech "doesn't get out ahead of what the Africans are doing" but throws his support behind their efforts. The contents of the speech were described as a pulling togeth- er of previously announced poli- cies into a coherent package. The United State, the President said, is ready to help regional eco- nomic communities in Africa with technical aid and financing. SANTO DOMINGO, Domincan Republic (P)--The campaign for next Wednesday's election is ex- posing small but eloquent signs that the political cleavage which split this city into warring camps during the 1965 revolution still exists. Santo Domingo remains a poli- tically divided city. The central part of the city, an area of less than a square mileI was in the hands of the constitu- tionalist forces during the rebel- lion. The greater part of Santo Domingo, and the country, were World News Roundup Despite long, costly and occa- I controlled by the civilian military sionally successful reunification junta. Units of the inter-Ameri- efforts which followed that revolt, can peace force stood between the Indonesia, Malaysia Talks To Begin with High Hopes KUALA LUMPUR, Malaysia OIP)! initiated by Indonesian President -Deputy Prime Minister Tun Ab-I Sukarno when the Malaysian Fed- dul Razak of Malaysia expressed eration was formed three year~s ago. confidence yesterday that talks " mcnietta ewl he will have with Indonesian of- be altcofduetresults,"wil- facials this weekend will "roueZabbltoproducereut, a results" toward settling differencesza said. "The talks will be straight between the two Southeast Asian between myself and Adam Malik. neighbors. ''We will meet straight away because we are satisfied" about Razak told newsmen he will Indonesia's intentions, he said. leave for Bangkok, Thailand, to-I Razak added: "The talks will be morrow with an 18-man delegationIonedgcnfntinadnth for negotiations with an Indones- oning cttinndnoh ingele. ian delegation headed by Foreign Razak saw newsmen after re- Minister Adam Malik. turning to Kuala Lumpur from Razak said "it now appears that the mountain resort of Cameron Indonesia is very serious and sin- Highlands where he and Thai cere" about ending the armed and ~ leaders completed arrangements frequently violent confrontation for the talks. two sides. Barbed wire and barri- cades marked a crude-shaped boundary separating the bellig- erent zones. The barricades were removed last October. Juan Bosch, presidential can- didate of the Dominican Revolu- tionary party and the inspiration behind the April revolution, is the acknowledged , favorite in what was the constitutionalist area of the capital. The preponderance of pro-Bosch signs painted on walls attests to this. Only a few pro- claim the candidacy of Dr. Joa- quin Balaguer, the other major presidential contender. On the other hand, pro-Bala- guer signs outside the constitu- tionalistarea far outnumber those proclaiming Bosch. But this can- not be taken as indicative of the voting mood in the capital. For one thing, even today some anti- constitutionalist leaders dare not1 go into the downtown district for fear of reprisals from the young constitutionalists who hang around the stores and coffee shops along the main business artery. Although Balaguer and his party were not involved in the April revolution, it is doubted the young Bosch parti- sans would tolerate propaganda against their leader in the down- town zone. Balaguer, who has campaigned through most of the country, has not done so in the downtown district. When Bosch lived in the cen- tral part of the city, after his return to the country last Septem- ber, he was a frequent stroller.in downtown streets. But now he is a virtual prisoner in his suburban home because of fears for his life. The election contest in the NA- tional District, or Santo Domingo, between Balaguer and Bosch may key, the national outcome. Bosch crushed his main opponent, Dr. Viriato Fiallo, 152,404 votes to 33,376, in the 1962 election.. The expectation is that he will win again in the National District, but not by that much. A prevailing view is that if Balaguer holds Bosch in Santo Domingo, Bosch may be in trouble. Balaguer is believed to hold an edge in the interior. While the intensity of the poli- tical campaign is reflected in wall signs, they also indicate the lack of any real election issues. Pro- Balaguer propaganda stresses that with the reformist party candidate Dominicans will enjoy "las tres calientes"-three hot meals. Bal- aguer promises more rice, more cooking oil and also emphasizes that he is the "candidate of peace." Most of the campaign signs for Bosch and the third presidential candidate, Rafael F. Bonnelly, carry no promises or messages. By The Associated Press WASHINGTON - President Johnson cited figures yesterday indicating he questions the wis- dom of an anti-inflation tax in- crease at this time. Johnson said the federal govern- ment expects to siphon out of the economy an additional $13 billion this year through changes in tax law and an anticipated increase of $1.5 billion in sales of savings bonds. "Maybe we should take out more," the President said. "I wish I knew." But he quickly added, "We are concerned that we don't go too far too fast." Since he volunteered the $13 billion figure for the first time, his remarks were interpreted as evi- dence that, at least for the mo- ment, he sees no need for a tax increase. WASHINGTON -- The House passed yesterday a bill that would increase the minimum wage to $1.60 an hour in 1969, a year later than originally proposed. It is now $1.25. The bill, which must still be act. ed on by the Senate, would provide an interim increase to $1.40 next Feb. 1, and bring approximately 7.2 million more workers under minimum wage coverage. ** * GEORGETOWN, Guyana--The national assembly of Guyana, an independent nation since mid- night, held its historic first ses- sion yesterday, and the opening debate foreshadowed a stormy po- litical future for the former Brit- ish colony. Marxist opposition leader Ched- di Jagan, in a fiery speech, de- nounced the new constitution which he said "entrenches minor- ity rule," and he declared: "Real freedom is the prize still to be won and win it we will." "He is able also to save them to the uttermost, who comes to God by Him, seeing He ever livth I." ---Hebrews 7:25 CHURCH OF CHRIST 530 West Stadium Oleg Cassini's banded look hits the sunny shores.. . r- 1I PAID PSYCHOLOGICAL SUBJECTS WANTED at Mental Health Research Institute Call Miss Basis at 761-2114 I i _ 8 a.m.-5 p.m. p 1 Found: After 11 years of looking, Timothy Glancy Finney finally found a beer he-and his growing circle of friends - could really rally 'round. . ty.l, .. -yip .