5, 1963

THE MICHIGAN DAILY

.. 1963THE MICIGavuvahI DAsILYa .

examines Outer Space Control

RESEARCH LIASON:
IDA Links College, Defense Science

By BARBARA LAZARUS
Two abstract problems which
come up in discussion of possible
international control of outer
space are how far above the earth
does a country own "air" space
and who is going to control the
moon and other planets, Prof.
Samuel Estep of the Law School
said recently.
Prof. Estep, who is doing a study
of communications satellite con-
trol, estimated that the problem
with planets "is not an immediate
one, since it will probably be a
long time before anyone reaches
them."
How far up into the atmosphere
a 'country owns "air" space is a
-more immediate concern, and this
especially applies to communin-
tion satellites, he added.
Satellite Problems
"Problems of possible inter-
ference and 'free rides' by other
countries on a communication
satellite is one area of difficulty.
Also in the future there may be
a problem of communication sate-
lites interfering with earth chan-
nels or sending messages to earth
receivers which are considered ob-
jectionable propaganda."
Military uses of communica-
tions satellites are also a part of
the whole problem of disarma-
ment, and the picture will not be
clarified until the overall dis-'
armament one is settled, Prof. Es-
tep explained.
It is also not probable that Rus-
sia or the United States is ready
to turn over satellite control to
some agency such as the United
Nations which would regulate
what' was sent up, he said.
Good Use
It is very likely that satellites
will provide a good means of co-
munication and in the future may
even prove more economical than
cables. Most likely, however, there
will still be cable, use as well."
One of the first problems of
satellite control is frequency al-
'U' To Offer
New Program
At Interlocheu
A six-week college level course,
sponsored by the University, will
be offered this summer to thirty
of the nation's top high school sci-
ence students.
In a unique atmosphere of forest,
music and culture, the students
will study microbiology at the In-
terlochen Arts Academy, which is
associated with the National Mu-
sic Camp. The Academy is com-
pleting its first year of providing
college preparatory courses for
talented students.
Financed by the National Sci-
ence Foundation, the science
course will run from June 24 to
Aug. 5. The program will place the
students "In an atmosphere in
which they will have their appe-
tites for culture whetted," Prof.
Harold Bleumunthal of the Medi-
cal School said.
The course will be taught by
microbiologists and other scientists
of recognized stature, Prof. Blu-
menthal noted.I

f A
TELSTAR-Prof. Samuel Estep of the Law School is currently
studying communications satellite control and is looking into the
question of how far above the earth a country can claim ownership
to the air.

location. Since the radio spectrum
is limited, especially since the
military uses a large part of it,
it will be necessary to decide what
part of the spectrum will be open
to satellites, Prof. Estep explained.
"Of immediate concern to coun-
tries using satellite communica-
tion is that each country have
some assurance of freedom from
interference."
Allocation Confab
Prof. Estep will attend a meet-
ing of the International Telecom-
munication Union in Geneva next
fall which will deal, among other
things, with space frequency al-
location. With the limits that exist
and the need for an international
agreement, this conference can
prove very crucial in solving some
of these problems.
"Once one gets beyond the prob-
lem of frequency allocation, there
will be a question of what hap-
pens when 'countries get space
broadcasting. In the long run this
may prove a more difficult prob-
lem, especially in the area of pro-
gram content."
Looking far beyond the imme-
diate problems of communications
satellites, Prof. Estep said mass
media and mass manipulation of
minds is a large area of study. As
sociologists and psychologists be-
gin to interpret facts about the
mass media and human reactions
to it, a numlber of new problems
come up.
Media Power
If these facts were combined
with control over mass media, it
could place a great deal of power
in the hands of people who con-
trol it, he added.
"If one accepts these premises,
the tiuestion is what will be done
and what are the techniques of a
legal nature which can be used to
prevent any single group or per-
son from getting control in this
manner."

Satellite control fits closely to-
gether with atomic and space
problems which result from rap-
idly expanding technology.
Power Allocation
"As society gets more and more
dependent on specialists, and lay
people have less and less ability
to judge government policy de-
cisions, it is important to think
about techniques for handling
these problems and the allocation
of power," Prof. Estep said.
One means is through exploring
some of these implications by
working on general theories of
public law in a technical society.
"One should look on these as a
series of studies which consider
the long-range problems of the
use of legal techniques to keep
society moving in a decent regulat-
ed manner that preserves some of
the ideas and freedoms which we
consider important."
These, are not tried and tested
techniques, and it means that a
lawyer must be acquainted with
technical concepts and attempt to
transfer them to legal problems.
Seaishore Sets
Group Study
A two-year assessment of orga-
nizational performance is being
discussed by Prof. Stanley E. Sea-
shore, of the Institute for Social
Research, under a $64,000 grant
from the National Science Founda-
tion.
Prof. Seashore explained that
University researchers would di-
rectly observe a variety of aspects
of organizational performance in
dfferent fields of work. The grant
covers a period ending Jan. 1,
1965.

By MICHAEL HYMAN
The Institute of Defense Analy-
sis is the scientific liaison between
the universities and the defense
arm of the government.
The need for a scientific attack
on military operational problems
in World War II led to the crea-
tion of IDA after the war as a
means of combatting communism.
The premises of the organiza-
tion are: 1) "International commu-
nism is imperialistic in nature and
its goal is no less than world dom-
ination." 2) "Cold War is war." 3)
"The Kremlin has made vast sci-
entific progress, in some areas
equal to our own." 4) "The real
war: American science vs. Soviet
science, and we are in danger of
losing it."
Fourteen universities belong to
IDA, including the University, and
many more assist the corporation.
The University's delegate is Pres-
ident Hatcher; our alternate dele-
gate is Dean Sawyer. The Univer-
sity annually contributes the serv-
ices of 3-4 faculty to IDA. Presi-
dent Hatcher is a trustee of the
corporation.
The staff of IDA comes not only
from member and non-member
universities, but also from non-
profit technically oriented organi-
zations, research and development
in industry, the government, and
recent graduates. The Ford Foun-
dation endowed the corporation
originally with $500,000.
The IDA has seven major divi-
sions. Weapons System Evaluation
evaluates the merits of competing
weapons systems, relative costs, ef-
Explains Need
For Returning
To Profession
"We are not meeting the de-
mand for nurses who have de-
grees," Christie Hawkins, member
of the governor's advisory com-
mittee on health care, said recent-
ly.
"Recruitments should be from
among women who have had their
children. Women in their late 30's
and early 40's are capable of quite
a few more years of work. Re-
turning nurses should beretrain-
ed."
Girls who are about 20 years old
learn the profession and then leave
to raise a family. "They must be
prepared for a return to nursing,"
she explained.
"Nursing is slowly evolving into
a profession," Mrs. Hawkins con-
tinued. "Nursing cannot yet be
called a learned profession. It is a
learning profession."
A profession should strive to at-
tain administrative freedom. The
nurse has been delegated more and
more responsibility. The phenome-
nal growth in the amount of re-
search has shown that nursing is
taking large steps toward profes-
sional maturity, she observed.
"Nursing is being given more
space in periodicals, journals and
studies. I am confident that more
scholarship will be brought into
nursing," Mrs. Hawkins concluded.

fectiveness and limitations of the
systems. Some of the studies are
pure science, such as "Energy
and Time Beta Ray Spectra of
Fission Products of U-235 by Fis-
sion Neutrons and U-238 by 14
MEU Neutrons." The division has
also sponsored a historian's view
of future warfare.
The Research and Engineering
Support Division provides the
technical basis for research and
development control. During 1960,1
the division reviewed our ballistic
missile defense, worked on satellite
communications technology, and
investigated machine language
translation.
More abstract in its tasks is the
Communications Research Divi-
sion at Princeton. Among other



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Chemical
research division
Control division
Macroblology
research division
Microbiology.
research division

topics, finite groups and recursive
function theory have been stud-
ied.
Jason Division is the "fire fight-
ing" part of IDA. Originally com-
posed of 20 young physicists who
conferred regularly on opportuni-
ties in physics for national secur-
ity, Jason Davision has greatly
expanded, but is still informal, and
handles special problems that crop
up in physics.
IDA conducts its own studies
independent of the government.
This self-initiated research is fi-
nanced by the remainder of the
Ford grant, and is headed by the
Special Studies Group.
The sixth division is the Insti-
tute of Naval Studies, created in
1960 and based in Cambridge.

1

The last group, the Special Proj-
ects Division, is an unmanned or-
ganization device.
An important function of IDA
is its support of interdisciplinary
studies. Two fellowships in math-
ematical physics, scholarships for
its own employes, and one post-
doctoral fellowship are awarded.
The Institute, whose president
and chairman are Garrison Nor-
ton and W. A. M. Burden, has
$1, million capital resources.
Distinguished scientists who
have been affiliated with IDA in-
clude Dr. D. K. Glaser, inventor of
the bubble chamber; Dr. C. H.
Townes, inventor of the Maser;
and Dr. C. L. Longmire, who has
worked on nuclear weapons and
plasma physics.

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