C 41 Aldilgatt Daily, Seventy-Second Year EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS 'here Opinions Are Free STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG. * ANN ARBOR, MICH. * Phone NO 2-3241 Truth Wil Prevail" Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints. RED CHINA, U.N.: The Sword of Damocles IDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 1961 NIGHT EDITOR: ROBERT FARRELL j I By PAS Non-Violence ' GOLDEN, Associate City Editor NON-VIOLENCE is both a philosophy and a method. The philosophy holds that there is something of inestimable value within man, and that man has dignity. It is therefore wrong to kill men, or to treat them without respect. It is disrespectful to attack a man physically; it is disrespectful to treat any man as less than equal. If it is wrong to kill men, then weapons that kill vast groups of men are wrong. And when an individual shares in the decision- making process of a society, he also shares the guilt for the group's wrongs. Each citizen is a murderer if the government kills. IF AN INDIVIDUAL applies non-violent prin- ciples to life in twentieth-century America. he will probably object to atomic weapons testing and military buildups. He may refuse to carry a gun. He may protest to acts and laws wihch violate his philosophical beliefs. He protests because he feels a need to express his convictions. He can do so without any intent of spilling over into the practical .and tactical aspects of political action. Or, he may protest in a combination of desire for expression and a social consciousness. He may direct his acts toward arousing the level of awareness, creating a social concern, and setting off a chain of public reactions. But he may not be able to provide effective poli- tical channels for the reactions and the new public awareness. In either case the. protest stems from a philosophy and subsequently becomes political. Its validity lies only in the sincere conviction of the protester. Public response to his action is desirable, but not essential. THE METHOD of non-violent resistance, on the onther hand, is designed for political effect. It aims specifically at calling attention to an issue and polarizing opinion. The un- committed public is urged to respond favorably to individuals acting with dignity in the face of undignified behavior by others.; This re- sponse is then channeled into pressure upon the center of political power, with the state goal of political and social change. The effectiveness of the method depends upon three basic conditions: First, the society must accept the same basic assumptions-,-there is something of inestim- able value in life, and man has dignity. People will not respond sympathetically to a blatant violation of their values-even if they, too, have been lax in.following the same principles. Second, non-violent action must polarize opinion and appeal to a spectator group. The protestors must be suffering injustices per- formed by another clearly identifiable group, or law, or structure. The appeal for sym- pathetic esponse is directed at a third group, which rallies to the "side of the injured and defends the common values. Third, the responding group must see an accessible and effective channel through which pressure can produce political change. THE UNITED STATES does accept these basic values, and does provide the setting and channels for public response to non- violent resistance. It also harbors some social injustices which lend themselves to non-violent protest. Non-violent political methods can be taught to persons who have a sincere desire to solve a particular social or political problem, but who are not necessarily followers of non- violent philosophy. It is possible to train a man to sit silently at a lunch counter while a howling mob spits at him and grinds cigaret butts into his shoulder. He can be trained to maintain his digpity in this situation without making a commitment to non-violent philosophy. There are others, whose commitment to civil rights is just as strong, but who cannot participate in non-violent resistance. ACTIONS STEMMING from either the phi- losophy or the method of non-violence are valid. There can also be great value in a carefully considered synthesis of the two, as exemplified by Mahatma Gandhi, who is often considered the father of non-violence. Gandhi saw practices and structures in his society that conflicted with his basic non-violent philos- ophical values. Yet he could not tolerate vio- lent means of changing the society, as that would conflict with his values, too. He sought politically effective means of change that would enhance, rather than violate, his non-violent precepts. Gandhi had the personal public stature to make a hunger strike a politically effective non-violent tactic. He lived in a society which was basically aligned with his views on non- violence-much more so, in fact, than the United States today. He polarized his position from that of the government and placed the public in the responding spectator role. At that time the government was responsive to public pressure alone, so the only necessary channel was to direct the public protest against the government. This particular method could probably not be used with similar effect today. OO OFTEN the distinction between philos- ophical non-violence and tactical non- violence, and the conditions under which the two may rationally and effectively combine, are not clear to the well-meaning participants. Too often individuals begin a protest purely because they need to express their non-violent philosophical convictions, but then mystically contend that because they are expressing their convictions they are bound to achieve politi- cal effect. This not only makes them look illogical and ridiculous, but it discredits all forms of non- violence in the eyes of a public all too willing to dismiss such actions as the feverish mut- terings of the nut fringe. F NON-VIOLENT philosophy is to be linked with non-violent resistance as a method of political and social change, then not only the sincerity of the philosophical conviction, but the conditions of the political method must be present. By JAMES NICHOLS Daily Staff Writer THE UNITED NATIONS will soon debate the now-familiar question of the seating of Com- munist China. The United States, as usual, is expected to use' the full force of its international influences in be- half of its Nationalist Chinese al- ly. And, as usual, a sufficient number of the member nations are expected to reluctantly bow to the wishes of their gargantuan benefactor. The People's Republic of China is one-third larger than the con- tinental United States. It effec- tively governs one quarter of the people of the world. It is present- ly the seventh-greatest producer of iron and steel. By the end of this decade it is expected to be third among the industrial pow- ers of the world. Its army is esti- mated at two and one half mil- lion men. It has 125 million males of military age. * * * BUT the People's Republic of China is not represented in the United Nations. Instead, China is represented in New York by a delegate from For- mosa, an island in the China Sea. This odd circumstance exists because the United States, almost alone, has insisted on it. Public opinion polls conducted through- out the free world have shown that of the 21 nations question- ed, only three favor the status quo: Mexico, The Netherlands, and the United States. Among those countries whose people clearly ,favor the seating of Communist China are Great Britain, France, West Germany, India, Japan and the whole Scan- dinavian bloc. * * * IN EARLY 1950, members of the young United Nations had little doubt the Communist re- gime would be recognized and al- lowed to speak for China in the organization. Five of the eleven Security Council members had al- ready recognized Red China. The United States, while ex- pected to vote against the change, made it clear that they would not exert influence -on the other na- tions. Over the howls of conserva- tive senators, the Secretary of State declared that the United States felt it had no right to exer- cise its veto. And then the picture changed. Red China lost the support of France, by supporting the Viet- minh government in Indochina. Russia, its most vociferous sup- porter, walked out of the United Nations. And by the time the Gen- eral Assembly completed its an- nual business, 200,000 Chinese troops had been committed against United Nations forces in Korea.. IN 1954, 43 nations voted against discussing the seating of Red China. Eleven favored the meas- ure, and six nations abstained. In 1959, the vote was 44 against degate, 29 for, and nine absten- tions. Last year, the supporters of the perennial American proposal shrank to 42, as against 34 who, wished to bring the issue before the Assembly. The 22 nations which abstained included most of the new African states. This African bloc gave the West LETTERS TO THE EDITOR: The War Vigil: Children's Crusade a scare this year, and the trem- bling Americans still aren't entire- ly calmed. Russia pressured the UN to admit Communist Outer Mongolia. Nationalist C h i n a promptly declared it would veto Mongolia, and Russia retaliated by threatening to veto the applica- tion of Mauritania, a new African nation. This was an obvious move to put pressure on the United States and her Chinese allies, and it worked to perfection. The Afri- can members clamored for Maur- itania's admission and promised to oppose the West on the Red China question unless the Afri- can nation was seated. After a few weeks, the United States succeeded in explaining this to Chiang Kai-shek, Nation- alist Chinese "president," who withdrew his vitriolic vow and permitted a compromise by which both Mongolia and Mauritania be- came members of the United Na- tions. THE PRESENT controversy, however, is not over the "admis- sion" of Red China. For China cannot be "admitted" to the UN; it is already a member-and has been since the organization was founded. The question is merely one of credentials-which Chi- nese government should be al- lowed to fill China's seat - and consequently is not one for the Security Council. Disputes of this nature, therefore, are not subject to an American veto. It is possible, at least tech- nically, to give UN representation to both governments. In this case, one of them would have to be formally "admitted" or the UN charter would have to be chang- ed. In either case, the approval of the Security Council would be required, and the United States could veto the measure. But seeing two Chinas in the UN in the near future seems high- ly unlikely. President Chiang has violently dismissed the possibility a number of times. On the other side of the Formosa Strait, Com- munist Premier Chou En-La said in 1955, "Only when the represen- tative of the Chiang Kai-shek clique has been driven out from the Security Council . .. can the People's Republic of China agree to send a representative." Until then, he said, all discus- sion by that body regarding China is "illegal, null and void." The Communists have stuck to this policy ever since. WITHIN a few weeks the unit- ed Nations of the world will con- sider whether to debate the ap- plication of the People's Republic of China. If the United States is successful, discussion of the ques- tion will be kept from the As- sembly. If not, the African bloc will decide the issue. At best, we can hope to delay the inevitable. The problem will appear next year, and every year until a reasonable solution is found. Chiang Kai-shek is a na- tional leader, and entitled to UN representation. He is not the ef- fective ruler of China, however, and it is foolish for the Western powers to continue claiming that he is. Red China is as worthy of a UN seat as many of the nations now in the organization. Its pres- ence will shortly become vital, when its top-quality scientists succeed in developing a nuclear bomb. The People's Republic of China should be represented in the United Nations. In the meanwhile, the 669 mil- lion people of the Chinese main- land will remain thorns in the side ' of the assembly that calls itself a world organization. . a i _ -- , ,,. , V / 4 L I I L STotal Biraci Disfrk43i-t 1961 Districts Desegreatedma '.ii ". 19 V y 23 >: ^ NTE1 A190. -0 Miss. ALA.-Q - WASH. D.C. j49 LA. TrxAs, V 4 ..... .FLA. E§3 Majority of Dsfrids Desegregated Minority of Distri Desegregafed No Districts De groaaed A Newsf atures 4 To the Editor: IT MAKES ME SICK to think that there are some children on this campus under the delu-' sion; that they are responsible University students. Those to whom I refer, who by their own choice wish to remain anony- mous, are the four or five little boys who have set themselves, blankets, radio and all (I guess the only thing they're missing is the booze) across from the deeply motivated Vigil for Peace support- ers. These clowns (all they do is laugh if approached by a ques- tioner) sport posters stating "Vig- il for War," "End Human Suffer- ing Once and For All" (by ending humans, I suppose). * *.* WHAT makes me even sicker is that this has been greeted mere- ly with the laughter of most of the rest of our intellectual Uni- versity students. I thank those little boys for making some of us, myself included, think a little more deeply about what the Vigil for Peace supporters are saying. By their silence and expression of deep thought, they cry out for us to show our disgust that there exists a continual threat of war. All of us may not agree that standing in the Michigan cold for an hour or so a day is an effec- tive means. I challenge those to find another satisfying way of ex- pressing themselves.hh Hour by hour the peace chain remains unbroken. Go home little boys! Go back to your play pens and I promise many of -us will come and shower you with, the at- tention you apparently lack! -Barbara Greenstein, '64 New Club.. . To the Editor: THERE is a new student club on campus. Though not yet for- mally organized with an office in the SAB, its membership rolls in- clude many SGC members and candidates, Daily staff writers and reviewers, and mostly those smart little boys who show up to ask "questions" at lectures. It is the Student Pedants Club, whose motto is, "Never use words of two syllables when six-sylla- ble ones will do." SPC has set up incentives for its members to en- courage their pedantry: speaking for five minutes without finishing a sentence-one box of Snickers; speaking in the passive voice for five minutes-two boxes of Snick- ers; asking a "question" at a lec- ture lasting five minutes or more -three boxes of Snickers; using "predilection" and "dichotomy" in the same sentence-a case of Snickers. Demerits are handed out for repeated use of the active voice and members caught reading The Elements of Style are severely rep- ed nations of the world will con- Club. SPC, the club for phonies and here when the Russians begin testing nuclear bombs in the Unit- ed States, whether they be the aggressors or not. This is a special time, this era of ours. It is not a time for the ignorant masses. The people must know, the people must act, or the people must die. * * * DEVASTATION has already be- gun. The city of Los Angeles has already been deceived. The mem- bers of the surrounding commu- nities have decided to shoot on sight or turn into the desert any- one escaping from the city in the event of a nuclear attack. What is going on in Chicago, New York and in the minds of every Ameri- can? Is there any other way? Let's find out before it is too late. I repeat. Devastation has already begun: first our morale, then our morals and finally our lives. The latter cannot be saved without the former. And if you, think you have all three now, wait until the time comes ... I plea for education and or- ganized, constructive action. -Judith A. Madden, '63 YRs and Reds , . . To the Editor: TUESDAY NIGHT'S showing of the film "Red Outlaw" spon- sored by the Young Republican Club, was followed by one of the most interesting discussions I have ever witnessed. The discussion got off the ground immediately when a little, old woman in the audience com- mented that the Communists only showed their true colors when the lights were off and that they were "afraid of the light." She was referring to the sporadic per- iods of hissing which occurred during the film. However, some rather well-in- formed grad students put the damper on her fears when they proceeded to systematically de- molish the film's many dubious assertions. T h e y' questioned, among other things, the emotive nature of scenes showing Mao and Khrushchev meeting to the tune of an Alfred' Hitchcock thriller as compared to Chiang Kai- shek's appearance, which was heralded by musical strains rem- iniscent of football days in Ann Arbor. The film was also criticized for bearing too much resemblance to the traditional battle between Good and Evil (Free World and Communist World) in which the former always emerges with the laurels. ** * NOT DETERRED in the least by the dictates of reason, the Young Republicans rose heroical- ly to defend the film with a dis- play of forensic talents which would have stirred the hearts of Protagoras and his band of Soph- ists. Their use of double talk and bombastic metaphors. totally lack- M w 31 DISTRICTS: South Gradually Integrates Schools By SID MOODY Associated Press Newsfeatures Writer THE ONE-ROOM SCHOOL is a fading institution. So, grad- ually, is the one-race school. When opening school bells rang throughout the South this fall, 31 districts saw Negro and white stu- dents sitting in classrooms where only white had sat before. The number of Negro students involved was small-only 392. But friend and foe of desegregation alike could take consolation from one fact. Any fighting was con- fined to the courtroom. * * * DALLAS, heretofore operator of the nation's largest segregated school system, integrated Negro students without any of the up- roar that occurred a year earlier in New Orleans. New Orleans it- self 'entered its second, year of gradual integration without'a re currence of the housewives' pick- eting and violence that marked the first year. And in perhaps the major city CONTRARY to aren't outdatf ganizations, whic] ternity men with The sorority sya tion both locallys anism which off growth and matu Sororities doc people think of sorority image-s greater social lif of the dorms. THESE FACTO) dreadful evils. the unique advan A sorority is cc who have chose: chosen. They ha together they coz group. A LARGE AM( running the s bers. Signs-ins, l versity regulation the individual g] feasible in the sr Simply because he Value of Sororities popular belief, sororities it is necessary that any individual who lives Bd snobbery,, producing or- in a house develop tolerance and respect for h exist only to provide fra- the opinions of others. mates for T.G.I.F.'s. The housemother, meals, social events and stem is a powerful organiza- general house rules are, for the most part, and nationally. It is a mech- left up to the members of the house. This ers a frame for individual means that many decisions are going to have irity. to be made. Minor decisions like "tomato or ffer All the things which orange juice for breakfast" and decisions that when they formulate their vitally affect the life of the house such as ecurity, group identification, alumni-national relations at conventions must e, and a chance to get out be made-by compromise. You can't just tell the other girls in the house who feel dif- ferently about things than you do to go to hell. RS EXIST, but they aren't Consequently the ,individual develops the In fact, from them come ability to work to accomplish things about tages of sorority living, which she feels very strongly, while learning mposed of a group of girls that compromise is necessary and must be n you and who you have used wisely. ve Joined together, because GIRL ALSO GROWS when she realizes rprise a mutually beneficial A GIL LS GRW whnserais that she has a responsibility to her house, because her actions reflect either credit or OUNT of the mechanics of discredit upon the other girls in the house. orority are left to the mem- This keeps the sorority girl in line with ate minutes and other Uni- certain moral, legal and ethical standards is are left to the honor of necessary to protect the members of the group. irl anoreeftcotehonoreof Thus, a sorority utilizes the pressure that alle Hono codes are more any organization places upon its members, to develop in each sister a sense of these moral of the structure of a sorority standards. Also, a sorority ideally forces its member- ship to get out into the world and meet -, I other. npnnle The rrnrn realizes that neonle DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETIN of the Deep South-Atlanta-the segregation walls came tumbling down. So did Georgia Gov. Ernest, Vandiver's election pledge that no Negro child would sit in the same classroom with a white during his administration. VANDIVER and the state legis- lature were faced, after rioting last January when two Negroes entered the University of Georgia, with closing the' institution. In- stead Vandiver proposed ending segregation laws and replacing them with others that limit in- tegration as much as possible. Dallas faced a similar problem in a 1957 Texas law which with- held state school aid if a district integrated without an approving referendum. The state attorney. general later ruled a district would not have to forego state aid if it integrated under a federal court order, which was the case in Dallas. Memphis integrated peacefully. Only in South Carolina, Alabama and Mississippi this year are there no integrated school districts. *H * *~e aa THE SOUTHERN Education Re- porting service, 'which tabulates integration in the South, reports 824 desegrated school districts this year. (see map) There are 6,599 districts in all the area, 2,805 of them having both Negro and white residents. Last year 793 districts were de- segrated out of 6,663. At a higher level, six public col- leges and universities changed their racial policies to take stu- dents of both races. They were Georgia Tech, Texas Tech, Texas Woman's University, St. 'Peters- burg Junior College, Charlotte College and Asheville-Biltmore College. THE SOUTH now has 131 of its 277 public, institutions of higher learning, once all white or pre- dominately so, that will now take Negroes. Fifteen of the region's Negro colleges and institutions now will take white students. Integration was hardly more than a token in Atlanta-nine Negroes-or Dallas-18-or Mem- phis-13. But the pattern in the South has been to slowly increase Negro enrollment once the bar- rier has been reached. Arkansas had 113 Negroes in bi- racial schools last year. This year 'x The Daily Official Bulletin Is an official publication of The Univer- sity of Michigan for which The Michigan Daily assumes no editorial responsibility. Notices should be sent in TYPEWRITTEN form to Room 3564 Administration Building before 2 p.m., two days preceding publication. SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 12' General Notices President and Mrs. Hatcher will hold open house for students at, their home Wed., Nov. 15 from 4 to 6 p.m. Petitions for membership on the Lit- erary College Steering Committee may be obtained in 1220 Angell Hall. These must be returned by 5 p.m. Wed., Nov. 15. Faculty, College of Architecture and Design: Midsemester reports are to be sent to 207 Architecture Bldg., not later than 5 p.m. Tues., Nov. 14. Events Monday Automatic Programming and Numer- ical Analysis Seminar: "FORTRAN Arithmetic Scan" by Frank W. Wester- velt on Mon. ,Nov. 13 at 4:15 p.m. In Computing Center, Seminar Room. Women's Research Club: Mon., Nov. 13 at 8 p.m. in the West Conference Room, Rackham Bldg. Mrs. Kenneth Pike will discuss "Some Linguistic Re- "Determination of Slope Contours in Flexed Elastic Plates by the Salet-Ike-, da Technique." Doctoral Examination for Richard Douglas Hugh Dingle, Zoology; thesis: "Correcting Behavior in Boxelder Bugs," Tues., Nov. 14, 2097 Natural Science Bldg., at 1:00 p.m. Chairman, L. B. Slobodkin. Placement Beginning with Mon., Nov. 13, the following schools will have represen- tatives at the Bureau to interview for the second semester and the" 1962-1963' school year. MON., NOV. 13- Ferndale, Mich.-7 & 8th grade Libr., 1st grade, 3rd grade, Art (k-6)-Only Interviewing for second semester grad- uates. THURS., NOV. 16- Cleveland, O.-All fields. For any additional information and appointments, contact the Bureau of Appointments, 3200 SAB, NO 3-1511, Ext. 3547. The Los Angeles Public School system will be in Chicago, Ill. at the Conrad Hilton Hotel interviewing teachers on Nov. 17, 18, 19 & 20, 1961. The fields being interviewed are: Elem., Agric., °Bus. Educ., Girl's PE, Engl., Home Ec., Ind. arts, Math, Sc., Span., Spec. Educ. For additional information contact the Bureau of Appointments, 3200 SAB, P ENO 3-1511, Ext. 3547. PLACEMENT INTERVIEWS, Bureau i Y { s ;r1 !Ts / . l"