'THE MICHIGAN DAILY

West Displays Optimism
At Disarmament Meeting

Set Talks
In Congo
On Peace
ELISABETHVT.r () - Presi-
dent Moise Tshombe arrives in

Analyzes New Tariff Plar

Determined
To Maintain
Strike Force

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GENEVA (M)-The United States
is determined to maintain the nu-
clear striking force of the Atlan-
tic alliance as long, as there are
no effective international disarm-
ament and peace-keepipg agree-
ments.
Secretary of State Dean Rusk
told acting UN Secretary-General
U Thant that the United States
"opposes the development of na-
tional nuclear weapons capability
by any additional nation."
The restatement of United
States nuclear policy was contain-
ed in a letter Rusk wrote Thant
in reply to a UN questionnaire.
Rusk's letter was made public
by the United States delegation as
the 17-nation disarmament con-
ference formally began its work.
Meanwhile, in a Washington
press conference, President John
F. Kennedy said the United States
position in the world would be
strengthened if it did not have
to resume nuclear testing in the
atmosphere. He remarked that is
why he especially hopes for agree-
ment on a test ban treaty with
effective safeguards.
At the same time, he said the
United States would, submit at the
Genevan disarmament conference
proposals designed to permit a
check on preparations for nuclear
testing. However, the most signifi-
caht objective' is to establish a
system to detect an actual test, he
said.
At the outset, Kennedy read
from a letter to Rusk in Geneva
expressing hope "that you will
quickly be able to report agreement
on an outline defining the over
all shape of a program for general
and complete disarmament in a
peaceful world."
Seeks Senate,
Nomination"
BOSTON (P)-Edward M. Ken-
nedy, the youngest brother of
President John F. Kennedy, step-
ped into a battle royal yesterday
for a Democratic nomination for
the United States Senate.
Already in the contest is State
Atty. Gen. Edward J. McCormack,
Jr., a, nephew of United States
House Speaker John W. McCor-
At stake is the seat once held
by President Kennedy.
Both contenders promise to fight
all the way for the Democratic
nomination, in the state party
convention in June and in the
open primary in September.

-AP Wirephoto
CONFERENCE DELEGATES-Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei
Gromyko and Secretary of State Dean Rusk meet prior to the
opening of the 17-nation disarmament conference to review
prospects for a treaty to ban nuclear tests.
ANTI-RED SPEECHES:
Thurmond Says Work,
Of Committee Stifled
WASHINGTON (P)-Sen. Strom Thurmand (D-SC) angrily ac-
cused fellow senators yesterday of trying to stifle his efforts to prove
that anti-Communist speeches and troop training by military lead-
ers have been muzzled.
Saying heknewof a "lot of conversations" among the five
other members of the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee con-.
- ducting the inquiry, Thurmond
" " shouted:
Integrationists "I know of efforts that have
been going on to stifle the work of
.Dl, 21 T ...-. Athis committee . ..,

Hope To Halt
New Spread
Of Weapons
Concede Pact Would
Fall Short of Goal
GENEVA (P) - The 17-nation
disarmament conference began its
work at a brief formal session yes-
terday with the Western powers
holding some hope of an agree-
ment to halt the spread of nu-
clear weapons outside the atomic
club.
American and British officials
conceded this limited attainment
would be far short of the official
goal of agreement on verified gen-
eral disarmament and a nuclear
test ban.
But they said it might restrain
the atomic arms race and open up
possibilities for more difficult dis-
armament measures later.
Two-Year Lapse
In a 30-minute session the dele-
gates from five Eastern, four
Western and eight nonaligned
countries got disarmamentnego-
tiations rolling again after a two-
year lapse. The seat of France is
vacant because President Charles
de Gaulle has judged the proceed-
ings useless.
Formally opening the talks,
Omar Loutfi of the United Arab
Republic, a United Nations under-
secretary, said thegresumption of
disarmament negotiations after
two years in itself was a "valuable
step toward the relaxation of in-
ternational tensions."
Talks Fail
Just before the delegates assem-
bled, United States sources said
preliminary talks with Gromyko
since Sunday had failed to disclose
any genuine hope of concluding a
treaty banning nuclear tests.
Thus the indications were that
the United States would begin its
series of nuclear tests in the at-
mosphere in late April, as Presi-
dent John F. Kennedy has said it
would, if no agreement is reached
here.
Gromyko also was said to have
stuck to the position that any in-
ternational checking system on
disarmament steps would amount
to a Western espionage network
on Soviet soil.

Leopoldville today for talks that
UN officials believe are his last
chance to bring a peaceful end
to the turbulent secession of his
Katanga province.
A collapse of the talks between
Tshombe and Premier Cyrille
Adoula of the central government
could mean a military showdown
involving UN troops to bring an
end to Katanga secession, UN. of-
ficials said privately.
None of the UN officials would
hazard a guess as to the probable
outcome of the several days of
talks in Leopoldville.
Agreement
Agreement between Tshombe and
Adoula could start the machinery
for a reuniting of mineral-rich
Katanga with the rest of the
largely impoverished Congo.
Tshombe indicated he was ready
for talks but not for surrender.
"I am going to Leopoldville, not
to capitulate like a coward, but
to negotiate very frankly and sin-
cerely to save my country," he told
a news conference. "I am con-
vinced that reconciliation between
Katanga and the rest of the Con-
go is essential both for us and
for the whole of Africa."
UN Troops
With about 3,000 UN troops sur-
rounding this Katangan capital,
Tshombe put on a military parade
this morning of more than 1,000
troops, most of them carrying
modern automatic weapons.
UN forces could easily take Elis-
abethville in a new outbreak of
fighting but Katangan guerrillas
could tie them down indefinitely
in the bush and jungles.
Kennedy Tells
Of Recent Trip
WASHINGTON (M)-Atty. Gen.
Robert F. Kennedy told the Sen-
ate Foreign Relations Committee
yesterday much more must be
done to counter Soviet propagan-
da.
He spent about an hour and a
half in a closed session with the
committee, reporting on his recent
trip around the world.
Afterward he told newsmen that
he had been greatly encouraged
by what he saw on his trip, but
he said that in all the countries
he visited there are "many ques-
tions about our policies that we
must answer."

WASHINGTON (W) - Deputy
Secretary of Defense Roswell L.
Gilpatric said yesterday President
John F. Kennedy's program for
freer trade would pull the United
States and Western Europe into a
stronger and more prosperous alli-
ance combining defense and eco-
nomic progress.
But he acknowledged some key
american defense industries such
as shipbuilding would have to be
protected, perhaps with subsidies.
to keep them solvent in the face
of competition from increased im-
ports.
Gilpatric, subbing for Defense
Secretary Robert S. McNamara,
presented his views to the House
Ways and Means Committee, now
studying the administration's plan
to meet the challenge of the Euro-
pean Common Market and ex-
panding Communist economies.
Sweeping Reductions
The legislation would authorize
the President to negotiate sweep-
ing tariff reductions on entire cat-
egories of goods and remove them
entirely on some. The hoped-for
result would be greater United
States exports, more jobs and a
modernized, more competitive in-
dustrial plant.
Secretary of the Interior Stewart
L. Udall also told the committee
that freer trade would create a
larger market for United States
Kennedy Asks
Medical Care
Consideration
WASHINGTON (A) - President
John F. Kennedy called yesterday
for showdown votes in Congress at
this session on his program to pro-
vide medical care to the elderly.
Kennedy told his news confer-
ence in response to questions that
he hopes to obtain votes in both
House and Senate on the plan,
which would provide for hospital,
nursing and diagnostic assistance'
through social security taxes.
The President said his accept-
ance ofran invitation to speak in
New York May 20 before a senior
citizens group is part of a program
to bring about congressional ac-
tion.
The House Ways and Means
Committee, which handles tax leg-
islation, has yet to act on a bill
to carry out the President's pro-
gram. If that committee should
approve it, the measure probably
would face further resistance.
Democratic senators have dis-
cussed the possibility of attaching
the President's plan to some
House-passed revenue bill. Such
tactics in the past have not been
notably successful.

crude minerals and some fishery
products.
Gilpatric said the trade plan
would help complete the NATO al-
iance now based principally on
defense.
Forward Step
"We regard these trade meas-
ures as a forward step designed
to provide the cement of the free
world alliance in which defense
has already erected the framework
of steel," he said.
Rep. John W. Byrnes (R-Wis)
asked assurance that the adminis-
tration recognizes a need for keep-
ing domestic defense industries
strong, and cited the subsidy now
paid for American-built ships.
Gilpatric agreed the subsidy is
important, and added:
"It is a very good example of
one of the limitations I would put
on free trade. We'd be very much
concerned if we didn't have a
strong shipbuilding industry here."
Basic Exceptions
Byrnes said committee witness-
es so far have agreed there would
have to be some basic exceptions.
He expressed concern "we are
overgeneralizing some of these ob-
jectives."
Gilpatric said he spoke in gen-
eralities because of the importance
of close economic ties with United
States allies.
"The grand alliance depends on
more than military understand-
ing," he stated and cited benefits
he expected freer trade to pro-
duce.
Weak, free world economies, he
said, force the strong to carry more
than their fair share of defense
costs. When such nations become
prosperous the load is shared, the
deputy defense secretary said,
pointing to a drop in United States
military aid to Western Europe
from 20 per cent in 1960 to 13 per
cent this year.
Potential Return
The potential return to the
United States of trade-induced
prosperity can be measured by
West Germany's jump in military
spending here-from $500 million
in 1959-60 to $1 b'lion in 1961-
62, Gilpatric said.
Udall centered his attention on
the domestic mining industry, not-
ing its $18 billion production last
year was close to a record high.

A broadened trade program that
stimulates exports of products
from raw material consuming in-
dustries would benefit mining, he
said,
"Lower foreign tariffs on im-
ports of American automobiles,
machinery, and manufactures can
only mean larger markets for
crude minerals . ..," Udall said.
"A reduction of tariff barriers to
U.S. manufactures may, in total,
have a greater favorable impact on
our crude mineral industry than
direct tariff barriers."
Of the impact on the troubled
U. S. fishery industry he said:
"Export sales broaden the mar-
ket and the production base for
various American fishery products
which are competitive in foreign
markets."
Begin Debate
On Executive
The Constitutional Convention
began debate today on proposals
dealing with changes in the execu-
tive articles, after three weeks of
argument on the court system.
The proposals to be considered
will include a reduction of state
agencies from over 120 to 20. It is
also suggested that the governor
and lieutenant governor be the
only elected officials in the execu-
tive branch. The term of these
two offices would be lengthened
from two to four years.
Although most of the delegates
seem to be in agreement on the
proposed changes, debate should
last at least a week. This will be
due to the number of amendments
that will very likely be introduced
by some of the delegates.
The proposals of the Legislative
Organization Committee, dealing
with sections 2, 3, 4 of the Legis-
lative Article of the present con-
stitution, follow the executive pro-
posals on the calendar. These deal
with the controversial apportion-
ment question. Debate on this is-
sue should consume many days as
many ideas on this subject are
expected.

In Baton Rouge
BATON ROUGE ()-A white
man and a Negro from Atlanta,
charged with criminal anarchy
here, pleaded innocent Tuesday
when arraigned in state district
court.'
Judge Fred S. Leblanc set trial
for May 28, and at the request of
defense attorneys gave them until
April 18 to file preliminary mo-
tions. Defendants are John Rob-
ert Zellner and Charles McDew, a
Negro.
They were accused of attempt-
ing to send racial integration lit-
erature to Dion Diamond, jailed
20-year-old integration leader
from Petersburg, Va.
Zellner and McDew originally
were booked on anarchy and vag-
rancy counts, and freed under
bond of $7,000 each.
Leblanc ordered the $1,000 bonds
filed on the vagrancy charges re-
funded, since no formal vagrancy
charges were filed against them.

"I don't like a lot, of things that
have been going on here."
Thurmond said the subcommit-
tee had turned down his request
for a bigger hand in staging the
investigation into his charges.
Also rejected, he said, was his
demand for permission to call his
own witnesses in the order of his
own choosing.
Thurmond said he attempted to
suggest who should be chief coun-
sel of the subcommittee and that
was refused.
The outburst came when other
senators urged an Army psychia-
trist, Lt. Col. William E. Mayer,
to be ,less verbose in trying to
back up his contention that teach-
ing troops about Communism has
been "more often than not a fail-
ure."
Chairman John Stennis (D-
Miss) had prodded the witness to
spend less time detailing back-
ground information and to submit
this in writing later if he desired.
After Mayer had testified about
15 minutes, Sen. Leverett Salton-
stall (R-Mass) protested that
Mayer was taking too long to "get
down to cases."
Thurmond exploded in protest:
"I personally resent inhibiting this
witness." He said witness after
witness in the two - month - old
hearing had been given free rein
to testify and that now the sena-
tors were trying to change the
rules.
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WORLD NEWS ROUNDUP:
Cite Communist Violations

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By The Associated Press
SAIGON-South Viet Nam has
charged Communist North Viet
Nam with violating the demilitar-
ized zone between the two coun-
tries 25 times during February,
the government said yesterday.
The Communists fired into the
zone and introduced uniformed
troops. The government told the
three-nation International Con-
trol Commission. Theoretically, the
commission supervises the truce
that ended the Indochina War in
1954.
* * *
HELSINKI-Veli Merikoski, a
liberal party leader, yesterday in-
formed President Urho Kekkonen
he has failed in his attempts to
form a new non-socialist Finnish
government. The outgoing Agrar-
ian Minority government of Pre-
mier Martti Miettunen resigned
when Kekkonen took office for an-
other six-year term as chief of
state March 1.
TOKYO-Ambassador Chester
Bowles said yesterday the United
States intends to use Okinawa as
a military base "as long as world
tension" threatens the free world.
Bowles, President John F. Kenne-
dy's adviser on Asia, Africa and
Latin American affairs, flew here
Christian Science
Organization
Announces
New Meeting Room
Room 528D, SAB

from Manila to attend the 18th
session of the UN economic com-,
mission for Asia and the Far East.
He told newsmen the United
States was grateful it had been
able to keep Okinawa as a base
under friendly relations with the
people.
WASHINGTON-House Demo-
crats decided yesterday to revive
the party steering committee set-
up that fell into disuse during the
years the late Sam Rayburn was
speaker. At a caucus requested by
members of a liberal study group,
the Democrats voted to set up a
steering committee of 24 to "co-
operate and consult with" party
leaders on legislative matters.
Speaker John W. McCormack of
Massachusetts said he welcomed
the action. McCormack told news-
men that when he was majority
leader of the House he had found
a party steering committee was
helpful.
WASHINGTON-The personal
income of Americans jumped by
$2.7 billion in February to a rec-
ord annual rate of $432.8 billion,
the Commerce Department an-
nounced yesterday.
The increase much more than
wiped out the drop of $1.5 billion
in January which worried admin-
istration officials and caused some
economists to wonder whether the
business recovery was going into a
premature stall.
* * *
NEW DELHI - India's defense
spending is going up in the fiscal
year starting April 1. Finance
Minister Morarje Desai told par-

liament yesterday the armed forc-
es will receive the equivalent of
$715 million, a rise of $81 million
from the current year.
Without referring to Red
China's occupation of disputed
frontier land, he cited "the need
for safeguarding the territorial in-
tegrity and security of India."
Parliament members cheered.
* * *
NEW YORK-The stock market
continued to rally yesterday in
more active trading. Substantial
gains were reduced somewhat by
late profit taking. The Dow Jones
average of 30 industrials was up
4.37. Standard and \Poor's 500
Stock Index was up .31.

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