THE MICHIGAN DAILY T nAV-UR , ., rmmu Seniors Aid Examining For Corps By ELLEN SILVERMAN Approximately 70 University, seniors concentrating in math, physics, chemistry or biology took a two-hour exam Tuesday which will be used in the future to screen peace corps volunteers. The tests, developed by the Edu- cational Testing Service, will ex- amine basic knowledge in each of these fields. From the results, ETS hopes to be able to ascertain what types of questions should be used for corps testing. The testing of University seniors is being done with volunteers who responded to requests from the Bureau of Psychological Services of the Institute for Human Ad just- ment. Of the 159 students asked, 78 responded favorably, 59 answered that they did not care to take the exams and only 22 did not respond at all, Prof. John E. Milholland of the psychology department, head of the evaluation and examinations divisions, said Friday. "The purpose of these tests is to get information about items for the forms which are now being processed. Seemingly good ques- tions may prove to be too easy or too hard and therefore will not discriminate well," he commented. University senior concentrates were asked to take the test because they are of approximately the same ability of those who will take the test for the corps.' Prof. Milholland noted that the group which would be given such a test by the corps would probably be of college age and perhaps recent graduates. "From time to time we get re- quests like this from national agen- cies. We feel that it is one of the public functions of the University to do these sort of projects," Prof. Milholland added. LANGUAGE LEARNING: Lab To Use Teaching Devices t is, zwei 's u ff 0 1 _o ' . r " .,; :: By PATRICIA O'CONNOR . A "programmed learning" meth- od of teaching languages will be tested this summer by 25 Ann Arbor junior high students under the direction of Prof. Waldo E. Sweet of the classical languages department. "Programmed learning," which seems to promise great advances in language learning, differs primar- ily from an ordinary language lab- oratory situation since each stu- dent sets his own rate of speed by operating his own tape. Students also remain in constant touch with an instructor. Views Advantages Prof. Sweet sees two of the ad- vantages in the carefully prepared system. First, the material is broken up into small steps; each step small enough to minimize the chance of error. The student, therefore, practices the correct an- swer rather than an incorrect an- swer. Secondly, the student knows at once, either by a mechanical con- trivance like pullinga lever on a machine or by sliding a mask in a book whether his answer is right or wrong. This eliminates the de- lay imminent in a system in which the student studies at home and must wait until the next day's class to correct his errors. Previoushexperimentation took place on the university level in the summer of 1960 and a few University High School students participated in a program last semester. Some thought the pro- gram very good, according to Prof. Gerda M. Seligson of the Latin department. Learn Faster "At the least, I would expect that with programmed learning students would learn twice as much in half the time," said Prof. Sweet in the publication, "Lan- guage Learning." The program, as opposed to I straight text book learning, allows for constant refinement since de- fects which are seen may be cor- rected immediately. This program offers an oppor- tunity to observe the learning process of academic subjects for the first time in history, according to Prof. Sweet. "This tool, aided by our linguistic seience, will cer- tainly revolutionize 1 a n g u a g e learning and with it, language teaching," he said. Results Encouraging Although preliminary tests on certain programs have been very encouraging, Prof. Sweet noted that many of the conclusions are based on miniature programs Ford Grant Aids Study At Centers. By DEBORAH BEATTIE which take perhaps half an hour for the average student to com- plete. In the program this summer, students will spend an hour a day with Prof. Sweet in the Depart- ment of Classical Studies and three hours in independent study in the University's Language Lab- oratory where the material will be programmed. The class will be continued in the fall at Forsythe Junior High School under the direction of Mr.' William C. Dickerman of the classical studies department. U- In old Bavaria when the beer tastes extra good, they lift their steins and sing "eins, zwei . . . g'suffal" (tastes so good you drink it up-one, two.) (5 ems, zwei, g'suffa idli brewed in the old Bavarian tradition. DIST. BY ALL STAR BEv. CO., ANN ARBOR Geyer Bros. Brewing Co.-Frankenmuth. Mich. A QUALITY TRANSISTOR TAPE RECORDER AT A POPULAR PRICE Introduce Vulgate The combination of a phonetic system of writing will introduce the use of the vulgate and also raise the importance of grammati- cal structure. During the present transition, Communist China has many dif- ferent written and oral forms. Radio broadcasts are given in the local dialect and then repeated in Peking Mandarin to familiarize the population with the "common" dialect., Many publications are written in a simplified character script which reduces the number of strokes, that is lines, in the char- acter. However explanations are often written in the older tradi- tional characters as are books dealing with traditional customs and topics. . Limited Use Although the Latin alphabet is used in some forms of communi- cation such as telegraph, large scale use has not yet appeared. Prof. Chou said that she has been unable to obtain complete works in the Latin alphabet, although parts of certain periodicals are written in the Latin alphabet. The use of the Latin alphabet to improve literacy also has its political repercussions, Prof. Chou indicated. It is easier to lead a reading public more easily than an illiterate one and as the Latin alphabet becomes more popular, the difficulty in reading the simpli- fed or traditional characters will increase. This could lead to a con- trol of reading matter. However, the effects of literacy are not predictable, she said. There are bound to be some who want more knowledge and will ask for greater freedoms than allowed in the present government. U' Graduates 1402 Students The University awarded degrees o 1,402 mid-year graduates, Sec- etary of the University Erich A. Walter said. Degrees were conferred officially at the Friday meeting of the Re- ents. Last year, 1,362 degrees !ere granted. Of 579 graduate school degrees, here were 386 master's, 187 doc- orates and six professional de- rees. Including pr o f e s s i o n a I chools, a total of 715 advanced egrees were conferred. Breakdown of the total by chools and colleges was: the lit- rary college, 220; the law school, )5; dentistry school, 3; engineer- ng college, 232; architecture col- ege, 29; education school, 82; usiness administration school, 94; natural resources school, 26; phar- nacy college, 2; music school, 29; cursing school, 13; public health chool, 3; social Wtork school, 10; 'lint College, 31; Dearborn Center, 4; and the graduate school, 579. The medical school had no mid- rear graduates. COOLEY PROJECT: 'U Fosters Electro nies Advances By DONNA ROBINSON A new electronics device has been developed at the University's Cooley Electronics Laboratory which will help keep communica- tions secret, improve radio direc- tion finding and aid air navigation. The device, the result of a re- search project sponsored by the Signal Corps, is called a "discrete frequency synthesizer" and was reported at a recent meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers by Prof. Thomas W. Butler of the engineering school. Eric M. Aupperle and David L. Mills, also of the engineering school, helped Butler with the project. The synthesizer provides in- creased secrecy by permitting both the sender and the receiver to change frequency rapidly, while still keeping constantly in unison. This is possibl because both the sending and receiving stations would operate on a computer- produced sequence punched on a card beforehand, Butler said. These frequency changes would appear completely random to any- one without the key, and an eaves- dropper would find it completely impossible to keep up with the transmitter. Another advantage of this device, and one especially useful in direc- tion finding where several receivers must be tuned to exactly the same frequency, is that it can be tuned precisely and automatically through telephone cables. The synthesizer also has several advantages for air navigation. In the system now in use, pilots fol- low a series of radio beacons, switching stations after every checkpoint. The synthesizer could make this operation. automatic, again using the pre-arranged pro- gram punched on a card, Butler said. The pilot must also periodically check beacons to the side of his flight path for course corrections, a process which would also become automatic with the discrete fre- quency synthesizer. In making these operations auto- matic, use of this device would alleviate crowded cockpit condi- tions. NSF Boosts 'U' Research The National Science Foundation has given the University $45,000 to support research on the structure of membranes in microorganisms. This one-year project, part of a continuing program, will be di- rected by Prof. Philipp Gerhardt of the medical school. The purpose of the grant is to' acquire an electron microscope and equipment for slicing bacteria into sections about a millionth of an inch in thickness. This new facility will be used to study bacterial spores, resistant bodies that withstand boiling and necessitate measures such as pres- sure-canning of foods. The layered skins, or mem- branes, of spores will be examined' and, using other procedures, strip- ped off for determination of chem- ical makeup., 1: r. c t J r v a n x J s a 0 E t n r. p s U d Many Problems Remain In Fight, Against Polio Despite the development of the\ Salk vaccine, the Sabin vaccine and the decline in the number of polio cases reported each year around the country, there still re- main major polio problems which are as yet unsolved. Parents often conscientiously see that their children get the polio vaccine, but ignore shots for themselves. At the University's Clinical Study Center, many skilled spe- cialists over the past decade have cooperated to develop new tech- niques and special devices to per- mit those incapacitated by polio to lead more useful lives. Same Techniques These very same techniques and equipment are now being used with great success in children who have birth defects. Each year thousands of babies are born with significant malfor- mations due to some form of po- lio. Birth defects are the major unsolved childhood medical prob- lem. Despite the fact that the Salk polio vaccine has proved highly successful in preventing the di- sease, there is a need to know how and when it can be used most effectively in this case. Vaccinate Mothers Dr. Gordon Brown, professor of epidemiology at the School of Public Health, is now trying to find out just when to give the Salk vaccine to the babies of vac- cinated mothers. It is a widespread practice, es- pecially in the United States, to immunize pregnant women with the Salk vaccine. As a result, the mothers build up resistance to the polio virus while carrying their babies. The antibodies the vaccine pro- duces in the mothers' blood- streams pass through the placen- ta into the fetuses. The babies are thus born with protection, yet although they are so protected they are unable to build up a permanent immunity to the di- sease. When the antibodies the babies "borrowed" from their mothers weaken, they are susceptible to infection by polio. Potent Discovery It may be possible that a new- er and more potent vaccine of the Salk type may overcome the diffi- culties of early immunization in these infants. A study is now un- der. way with just such a vaccine. There is also increasing practice of combining the Salk vaccine with the regular triple baby shots against diptheria, whooping cough and lockjaw. According to Dr. Virginia Ap- gar, research director for the Na- tional Foundation, there probably will be no one vaccine for birth defects. No one has any idea what causes some 60 per cent of birth defects, but probably 10 per cent9 may be related virus infections ina the mother during pregnancy. S Dr. Brown is attempting to find ' out what effects virus infectionsV of the mother may have on thet unborn baby. Through the coop- eration of the Department of Ob- stetrics and Gynecology, volunteer' mothers are examined during theira pregnancy for any evidence of vi- rus infections and their babies are then carefully examined to detectS any abnormalities at birth. Field Narrows The study is designated to learnc which viruses are potentially dan-u gerous and those which are harm-s less. Only- when the field is nar- 1 rowed down can any real progresso begin. Other virus studies are beingn carried out from finding some drug, chemical, or antibiotic which may modify or preventd many forms of virus diseases tot a new means of labelling virusest called the fluorescent antibody technique-a method of early and 1 accurate diagnosis of many dif-r ferent virus diseases. Research is also being carried out on the actual effect of viruses upon cells which they invade. The technique of tissue cultures is one of the advances in research now used extensively at research centers throughout the world. It opened the door to the study of many virus diseases, including vi- rus pneumonia, influenza, measles and mumps. Now a simple test tube of tissue culture can be sub- stituted for living humans or ani- mals in widely varying lines of investigations. PeaceGroup Plans Meeting The University-Community will hold a mass meeting for those in- terested in peace action at 9:00 p.m. today in Rm. 3532 SAB. The Peace Center is an ad hoc committee of ,students and mem- bers of the community which is attempting to raise questions on peace and disarmament at every level. Last semester the group was en- gaged in organizing, collecting re- sources, formulating plans for distribution of literature, and dis- cussing plans of action for this semester. The group also cooperates with other individuals and groups in- terested in the peace movement. Five area centers are now work- ing with a grant from the Ford Foundation. Four of these centers, the Chi- nese, South Asian, Near and Mid- dle Eastern, and Russian were es- tablished last May, while the Japanese center has existed for a number of years. From the $3 million grant which was given for support of area and international studies, $2.3 million was designated for sup- port of the area centers. The Japanese, Chinese and Near and Middle Eastern centers received support for ten years, the Russian and South Asian for five years. William D. Schorger, director of the center for Near and Middle Eastern studies, points out that the grant is important because it makes possible the addition of needed members to the staff and permits support for advanced study on a graduate level. "The area centers try to pick up on inducement fellowships stu- dents who are just beginning their graduate studies and have not had an opportunity to prove them- selves on a graduate level. "The centers provide students with advice on current political situations which would affect the possibility of accomplishing worthwhile research in particular areas," Prof. Schorger said. The Chinese, South Asian, Near and Middle Eastern, and Russian centers at present do not offer special courses. The theory behind this, Prof. Schorger explains, is that a student, in order to be. properly trained for a professional career, must be trained in a reg- ular discipline such as political science or economics as well as in the language and the civilization of an area. This instruction is nor- mally offered in a regular depart- ment. "The centers work to coordi- nate the programs between the departments and may encourage the offering of certain courses in the regular department. Organiz- ing programs across department lines and directing students to the necessary training for specializa- tion are primary objectives of the centers," Prof. Schorger concludes. Plays up to 100 hours flash light batteries) $1.00 DOWN $1.00 WEEKLY on regular At This Amazingly Low price $49 COMPLETE WITH 0 MICROPHONE * 2 REELS 0 SINGLE SWITCH FOR PLAY--RECORD--REWIND AND STOP 201 So. Main at Washington ° "CROSS-CULTURE ENCOUNTER" Potential Factors of Tension in Inter-cutural Dating, Courtship, Marriage Sponsors: International Student Association University Christian Federation, International Comm. DON'T SAY; you can't find it TiII you've tried ULRICH'S Ann Arbor's busy and friendly bookstore WHEN: FEBRUARY 22, 1962 7:30 P.M. WHERE: Undergraduate Library, Multi-Purpose' Room "WORKSHOP ON SEX ETHICS" Sponsors: Office of Religious Affairs WHEN: FEBRUARY 23, 1962 3-5 P.M. WHERE: Michigan Union, Rooms 3 K, L, M, N. DILEMMA IN INTERNATONAL DATING, COURTSHIP, MARRIAGE WHEN: FEBRUARY 23-24 WHERE: Drake House, Walled Lake, Michigan RATES REDUCED SKI BLACK MT. Near Rogers City Just Off US-23 North or All the Remaining Weekends ou will be able to ski at new low conomy rates at our fine Black Aountain Area ''' Individuals ... $8.00 Families......-$15.00 Groups .........$7.50 Rates lnclus1e; ow fees and two nights lodging of loss A motel. mall extra charge for roll-away eds. For reservations just drop a ost card to Rogers City Chamber COST: $4.00 (Scholarships available) SEE: Ecumenical Campus Center 536 Thompson St. NO 8-6076 Discussion: Trends of Social Customs in Various Countries. Problems of Multiple Standards of Dating, Courtship, and Marriage. MUG-TGIT I LEADERS: Dr. and Mrs. DAVID MACE I Ii