) Seventy-Third Year - EDITED AND MANAGEID BY STUDENTS OF THE UNrVERSITY OF MICHIGAN -_ UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS "Where Opinions Are Free STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG., ANN ARBOR, MICH., PHONE No 2-3241 Truth Will Prevail", Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers or the editors. This must be noted in al, reprints. WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 29, 1964 NIGHT EDITOR: H. NEIL BERKSON TUTORIALS FOR FRESHMEN: Igniting the Spark of Curiosity A I Johnson Administration Heads Toward Disaster ONE SIMPLY fails to see why virtually the entire nation continues to heave great admiring sighs at the thought of President Lyndon B. Johnson. We are ask- ed to believe that the Texan is a super- human force and that his efforts thus far have been letter-perfect, when in fact they result in a horrible debacle. To be certain he took the reins with a firm hand after those grim moments in November, but his control has been any- thing but firm. A review of some of the events of his short regime should illus- trate: 1) A CRISIS exploded in Panama over the matter of flag-flying in the Canal Zone, a really insipid argument that even so eminent a liberal as News- week's Emmet John Hughes admits could have been greatly aided by the presence of an American ambassador on the scene. None was in evidence. 2) In a flurry of press releases, John- son would have the nation believe that he has made great strides in saving money by cutting his proposed budget for fiscal '65. As became very evident under the Kennedy administration, budget propos- als often do not reflect actual expendi- tures which have a way of running much higher. So while Johnson's budget may have been cut, it remains to be seen whether the actual spending will in fact go down. 3) French President Charles de Gaulle, who was supposed to have had such fine rapport with LBJ right after the Kennedy funeral, has gone and recogniz- ed Red China, an action which may well upset official United States policy toward Peking and which, no matter how you slice it, is a slap in the face for the Unit- ed States, calculated, planned and quite deliberate. 4) Indonesian President Ahmed Sukar- no threatens to destroy the fledgling and staunchly pro-Western Federation of Ma- laysia, in spite of Attorney General Rob- ert F. Kennedy's improbable efforts to settle the problem. 5) The United States consul in Zanzibar was arrested at gunpoint and nearly ex- terminated for no apparent reason, when that little nation suddenly fell into Com- munist hands. And incidentally, Kenya and Tanganyika are tottering. 6) Cambodia's Prince Norodom Sihan- ouk has become openly hostile to the United States, again with little apparent cause, and almost as openly cordial with Peking. HERE'S MORE if one cared to go on. But the point is clear. Perhaps Lyndon B. Johnson is not responsible in any way for many of these problems, but he is the leader of the United States and as such, on his shoulders falls the mantle of pre- serving this nation's integrity, both here and abroad. It would appear that the President has not done that. In fact, in those terms he has done quite poorly. The international situation has steadily declined since Nov. 22, and the domestic situation certainly hasn't improved. Many of our liberal pundits bemoaned the choice of LBJ as the number two man in 1960-many who today are the loud- est singers of his praises. Yet first im- pressions are often the best, and per. haps such is here the case. Those column- ists virtuously cited Johnson's "shady as- sociates" in 1960, and today we find his explanation of the gift stereo from Bobby Baker and the insurance advertising on his TV station quite unsatisfactory. THIS IS NOT TO SAY that President Johnson is not working for what he believes to be the best interest of our nation. Undoubtedly he is. The point rather is that Lyndon B. Johnson is not a second Thomas Jefferson. He is a politi- cian pure and simple-and one need not listen to Republicans to find that out. Liberal Democrats denounced him thor- oughly-and sincerely-in 1960. Therein, one must suspect, lies the best portrait of the President-one painted by his own partisans, at a time when they spoke out of thought and not out of awe. Lyndon B. Johnson is far from perfect; he is not a god. And the sooner we assess him objectively, the better will be the chances for a fair choice in the coming election. -MICHAEL HARRAH By KENNETH WINTER GENERALLY SPEAKING, a de- termined enough student can get just about what he wants from the University. Somewhere on campus, there is a person or a book with the answer to virtual- ly every question man has an- swered. Despite the numerous excep- tions to this generalization, the University's achievement in mak- ing knowledge available is remark- able. Unfortunately, recognition of excellence in this function fre- quently leads to complacency, to the feeling that if the University just makes the knowledge avail- able, it has done its job. The catch is that knowledge is worthless if nobody wants it enough to seek it, and the behav- ior of most University students, when not being shoved by grades and credits, indicates their desire for it is low. ** * AS ANY FRESHMAN orienta- tion speaker will tell you, this is not because of a lack of intellec- tual potential. The problem is that few students are convinced that an education-as opposed to sim- ply a tolerable grade-point and a diploma - is worth the effort needed to achieve it. This attitude isn't hard to un- derstand. The pre-college school system teaches that learning is so worthless that one must be paid for doing it with grades, credits and various other threats or prom- ises. Parents and the rest of the world go along with this viewpoint, their primary concern generally being with the economic potential of their children's education. And the nation's image of the intellectual is still far from its image of the ideal individual. THE UNIVERSITY does little to change the resulting attitudes in its students. Consequently much of the teaching it does is wasted. and the phenomenal amount of education that motivated students could get on their own is seldom attempted. Yet the hard-headed attitude that the University's func- tion is only teaching the motivat- ed, not motivating the unmotivat- ed, still dominates. And, ironical- ly, the idea of devoting time and effort to measures specifically aimed at eliminating this wasteful apathy is itself viewed as waste- ful. Clearly, if anything can be done -even if it requires some sacri- fice of the instructional function -it should be done. But, given the attitudes of entering students and the finite resources of the University, can anything be done? * . * THE TWO BASIC approaches to motivating students, almost direct opposites of one another, have not met with much success.On the one hand, there are attempts to force students into contact with education, in hopes that this ex- posure will lead them to like it- such as distribution courses, grades, tight academic standards and class - attendance require- ments. When the authoritarian approach occasionally suoceeds in forcing some facts into the student during the course, once it is over he is even more eager to escape the scholarly prison. The libertarian approach, on the other hand, recognizes the per- ils of forced-fed education, aban- doning artificial motivators and leaving the student free to pursue the education best-suited to his needs. The problem here is that this system works only with stu- dents already motivated; others, given the choice, simply avoid in- tellectual effort altogether. Another alleged panacea is clos- er contact between students and faculty; some of its advocates ex- pect virtually magical things to happen when a student and his teacher are freed from the tradi- tional bonds to seek truth togeth- er. In fact, even now both stu- dents and faculty pass up numer- ous opportunities to get together, and many of the encounters which do occur are something short of scintillating. Still, the method sometimes works; the idea must be to increase the proportion of suc- cessful meetings of student and professor. Finally, the influence of stu- dents on one another is an impor- tant key to motivation: whatever two students have in common they are likely to talk about; what- ever they discuss is likely to be- come interesting. Thus proposals such as the residential college hope to harness this herd instinct by giving students chiefly academic things-classes, teachers and fields of study-in common. But again, this attempt may not succeed; per- haps student-group opinion isn't changed that easily. THUS, once this University makes the important decision that motivation is of critical import- ance, its next step must be to find fruitful combinations of the var- ious devices mentioned here which maximize their benefits and mini- mize their pitfalls. For example, one promising idea would work something like this: First, many "recitation" and "discussion" sections, which in fact are nothing more than little lec- tures, would be turned into large lectures. The teaching fellows and in- structors thereby freed would par- ticipate in a non-departmental program of unique tutorials for freshmen. Any first - semester freshman could elect a tutorial, for which he would simply re- ceive three credits, and no grade whatsoever. * * * THE GOAL of the tutorial would be not to teach the student any particular subject-matter, but to provoke him to develop broader and more coherent academic goals than those with which most freshmen enter. Unlike other courses, the tutorial would not be an end in itself but would seek to kindle the curiosity which would make the subsequent im- personal, information - providing courses not only bearable but ex- citing. More specifically, a tutorial would at first consist of regular meetings between a freshman and his tutor, paired as well as possible by similarities in interests and personality characteristics. The tu- torial might start with discussions of the student's reasons for at- tending college, his attitude to- ward education, his personal inter- ests, and other relevant subjects. From these discussions, hopefully, would emerge subjects which, with a little prodding, the student would want to explore more deep- ly. This might lead to his writing a paper, taking self-imposed exams, or possibly even tackling some research. Or they might just talk all semester, assuming the tutor was convinced that doing so was beneficial. The critical point is that imposed assignments would be virtually eliminated, giv- ing the student the rewarding ex- A r1 t1 INDEPENDENT STUDY SHOWER PANTY ... which do University students really prefer? perience of undertaking his own projects on his own initiative. * * * EQUALLY IMPORTANT, the tutorials would give freshmen a personal tie to the academic side of the University which freshmen -especially unmotivated ones-al- most totally miss in introductory courses. This tie is particularly crucial during the first months of University life, when so many at- titudes are formed and hardened. The program would have to be skillfully administered. Some de- vice might be introduced to keep students from simply signing up and collecting three free credits, though letting a few get away with this would be worth it if the plan fulfilled expectations for the oth- er students involved. The tutors would have to be chosen very care- fully ;for sensitivity, enthusiasm, broad knowledge, and an under- standing of the tutorial's objec- tives. Otherwise the program could do as much harm as god. Freshman tutorials, the propos- ed residential college and other motivator-boosting ideas do not claim to be sure things. They need to be proven in action. What the University needs is the vision to admit it has a motivational prob- lem, the imagination to devise pos- sible solutions, and the courage to try them out. ASIAN COMMENTARY: Japan Faces the Dilemma of China 1 By WILLIAM CUMMINGS Daily Correspondent TOKYO--The recognition of Red China by France is judged by many observers as the most signi- ficant diplomatic maneuver of this decade. Few countries are observ- ing the act with more caution than Japan. France's recognition will shake the foundations of the cold war, a war- which has created many schisms in Japan's political and diplomatic worlds. * * * THE TWO major parties are di- vided over the two-China question. The opposition Socialist Party (who received over one-third of the votes in the last election) takes the stand that Communist China should be recognized as the only official Chinese government. The ruling Liberal-Democrats (who received 56 per cent of the votes) is currently encouraging private trade with Communist China, and has allocated generous loans to support this trade. How- ever, this party has not demon- strated any intention of recogniz- ing Communist China up until the present. THE REASONS for the policy are manifold. For one, the Liberal- Democrats do not wish to yield to Communist China's insistence that it is the only Chinese government. Up until this time, all governments which have recognized Communist China have not been able to main- tain full-fledged embassies in Na- tionalist China. The original plan called for France to recognize Communist China followed by Nationalists breaking relations with the de Gaulle regime. However, events did not work out that way. The Na- tionalists, heeding strong Wash- ington suggestions, did not break relations with France, but was content to denounce the new ties to mainland Chinese. ASIAN LEADERS-Red Chinese Premier Chou En Lai, Nationalist Chinese leader Chiang Kai-Shek and Japanese Premier Hayota Ikeda are all major figures in the diplomatic problem of recognizing Red China. Ikeda, who has recently promised a "realistic policy" toward Red China, is faced with the opposition of Nationalist China in any attempt to recognize the mainland government. CITYSCOPE: Nobody Understands IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE that only 66 persons in the Ann Arbor community really understand why they committed an act of civil disobedience last fall. If this is the case, then those 66 persons seem to have wasted a tremendous effort. The 66 defendants failed to convince the city to pass a stronger fair housing ordinance. The reasons why they failed are there, but cannot be readily seen. The statements the defendants delivered were received like an empty oil drum receives a pin. These persons were willing to pay the penalty ($10 or 30 days) for breaking Ann Arbor's loitering law. They broke the law for only one reason; to instill in the Ann Arbor community the need for a more meaningful housing law. They were appealing to a higher moral law, one not set up by men. They had their "day in court" recently and tried to explain their motivations for going outside the law by sitting-in past closing hours, on City Council's meeting where the city's hous- ing ordinance was being discussed. One of the defendants said he violated the law because he was forced to live with his conscience. Another said he violated the loitering ordinance not maliciously but in the cause of justice. These and the rest of the demonstrators had the same reasons for pleading nolo contendere and putting their names in permanent police files. HOWEVER, one fears that they did not make their point plain enough to the court, to the people of Ann Arbor, to UniVersity students, to other civil rights activists or possibly to even themselves. Municipal Judge Francis L. O'Brien summed up the court's thinking on the matter at the second day's session. "Those who choose to violate the law must also - -.n _ w~n a +ato harrYlAiP ,, $ "If we choose what laws to violate, more injustice will prevail from it." The dem- onstrators chose a minor law to violate and only time will tell whether or not "more injustice will prevail from it." We must be careful here to avoid end- less philosophical arguments dealing with the demonstrators' right to break a minor law for want of a higher law. The fact remains that the court looks down upon civil disobedients, even when the demon- strators say they cannot live with their consciences under the present system. THE PEOPLE of Ann Arbor, that is the permanent residents and families, have become accustomed to a lot of hullabaloo with the presence of the University. They see the demonstrators marching, protest- ing, sitting-in, singing "We Shall Over- come," and everything else which draws the picture of protest. However, what these Ann Arborites don't realize is that 90 per cent of these people are not young, sophomoric ideal- ists. Most of those few who do attend the University are over 20 years old or are graduate students. Several are Uni- versity instructors. But to Ann Arborites these demonstra- tors are just college students who have found a cause to back. These defendants have repeatedly tried to get across to the Ann Arborites, through letters-to-the-editor, through demonstrations and finally through open and public trial. It is doubtful the Ann Arborites read past the first paragraph in the local paper's report of the trial. THIS LEADS to another area of failure for the 66 persons. They certainly do not have effective communications with the student population. Certainly there Franco-Red Chinese relations became strained on the second day when the Communists demanded that France should break relations with the Nationalists. The French refused. France is avoiding a humanitar- ian issue which Japan refuses to blind itself to. France is not in- sisting that Communist China recognize the autonomy of Na- tionalist China. Japan follows Canada's example on this score in insisting that a statement in- suring Taiwan's freedom be a part of the peace terms. Apart from the humane concern, there is an important practical reason for Japan's postponement of recogni- tion. TWENTY per cent of Japan's gross national product comes from foreign trade so she feels especial- ly obligated to walk cautiously in international diplomacy. Much of this trade is with the United States, and any quick step by Japan might anger red-happy United States senators into de- manding the execution of an im- mediate trade barrier. The fear of Communism in the United States is not equalled, how- ever, by fear of the present re- gimes in Taiwan and the Republic of Korea. The desire of Japan to establish healthy relations among all Asian countries is her most important concern. She is slowly losing her foothold in the European market because of the Common Market's tariff structure and increasing, in- ternal competition. Furthermore, there is no immediate prospect of substantially increasing her busi- ness with the United States. * * * NEW MARKETS must be found, and Japan is looking to Asia for prospective customers. The Asian PREVIEW- A Festival of Contemporary Music countries' friendship is necessary for the establishment of sound trade relations. Recent relations with the Re- public of Korea are poor and those with Nationalist China even worse. The Nationalist Chinese nearly cut off diplomatic relations with Japan and are considering suspending trade because of the hand Japan played in the repatriation of a Communist exile. But the present tension is deep and is built on a long history of complaints by the Nationalists of Japan's trade with China. The tensions demand that Japan approach the current tur- moil with great caution. Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda's policy speech of Jan. 21, opening the 46th ordinary Diet session maintained this spirit. He said: "That only a strip of water sep- arates Japan and the China main- land, and that this vast area con- tains a population of more than 600 million are hard facts of life. On the other hand, the question of the Communist regime is an inter- national question for international consideration in such bodies as the United Nations. Taking cognizance of these facts, I wish to evolve ju- diciously together with the people a realistic policy to deal with this question." IKEDA and his government are well aware that France's recogni- tion will be followed by that of many African nations and that eventually the act will become a matter of course. Japan will have an advantage in two ways during the ensuing flood. It will allow her to stabilize her de facto commer- cial recognition of Communist China through the diplomatic ges- ture, and it will aid in creating a more balanced range of interna- tional opinion about Japan in the Orient. The latter is especially im- portant for Japan. Cl1icheos. WE ARE a nation devoted to cliches, for we are enchanted by labor-saving devices and the nlirhp s +h orrrno Pf. Ihnrontrirn (EDITOR'S NOTE: David Sutherland, who will be conducting in the Contemporary Music Festival, is a graduate student and teaching fellow in the music school.) By DAVID SUTHERLAND FROM ONE point of view, the Fourth Festival of Contemporary Music - a series of five concerts presented by the School of Music beginning today at 8:30 p.m. in Rackham Lecture Hall-represents a luxury. A festival, if it is really to be a festival, ought to provide an escape from the working rou- tine; therefore, a festival has to be a luxury. Music, which in the first place is a luxury for almost everyone except musicians, could not exist in America without popular support. What sustains popular support is the standard repertoire of opera, symphony, solo recital and chamber music. These, then, are the routine media of the professional music world. One of the essential functions of the School of Music is to provide training for the pro- fessional world as it is today. Today's festivals, however, may be tomorrow's routines. Through the Festival of Contemporary Music, the music school may thus provide training for a future scarcely imaginable in the present temporary compositions in the Festival is the old- est, "The Unanswered Question" (1908) by Charles Ives. In this score, Ives introduced an element of chance, the very element which has provided the present-day avant garde with the means to mount an attack on the foundations of Western music. The opposition of order, form and control, on the one hand, and chance, on the other, is a cru- cial issue among composers today. On February 1, Ernst Krenek, guest composer-lecturer for this year's Festival, will discuss "Measured Order - Unmeasured Chance," after the performance of his "String Quartet No. 7" (1944) by the Stanley Quar- tet and his "Sestina for Voice and Instrumental Ensemble" (1957) with Janice Harsanyi as guest soprano. Krenek will conduct the program. The "Sestina" takes its name from the form of the original German poem which the author wrote on the subject of time, order and chance. From the serial structure inherent in the medieval poetic form, the composer has derived the entire struc- ture of the music. Other highlights of the Festival include per- formances of works by music school faculty mem- bers. "Concerto for Violin and Fourteen Wind In- I. I . I