WEDNESDAY, APRIL 9, 1964 THE MICHIGAN n A 3 u j. u t I.5 J WEDESAY ARI 8194 W1! Vru V~f 1T iALY PAGE T IN NEHRU'S SHADOW: Control Struggle Faces India Committee Debates on Poverty Bill Atlanta's Business Committment JAWAHARLAL NEHRU By CONRAD FINK. Associated Press Staff Writer NEW DELHI - With India's problems mounting, no one in New Delhi seems capable of answering the biggest question facing the government today: Who's running the store? A leadership vacuum has de- veloped in India's capital. It is po- tentially more dangerous than the one that immediately followed Prime Minister Jawaharlal Neh- ru's serious illness. Hazy lines of governmental authority established after Nehru suffered a stroke Jan. 7 have been blurred even more since his par- tial recovery. He is not physically able to run the store himself, but is fit enough so it is impossible for any one of his subordinates to do the job. As a result, important decisions are delayed and on at least two major foreign policy issues India apparently is without meaningful, constructive direction. In Parliament, all eyes dart from the minister who is acting as government spokesman to Nehru, sitting hunched over in his front-row bench. Does the spokesman have Neh- ru's backing? Is Nehru nodding in agreement? Frowning in dis- approval? In such ways the capital tries to determine how the governmen- tal winds of decision-or inde- cision-are drifting. It is fact of Indian political life that no politician can flower, no leadership combination can flour- ish in Nehru's shadow-and he has cast a big shadow as the na- tion's only prime minister in 17 years of independence. With Nehru in a sickbed, many Indians were' genuinely surprised to see other potential leaders Religions, Polities, Split East Asians Great trouble may be brewing in the vast Indian subcontinent -an area teeming with people prejudice and poverty. Since . the partition of 1947, in which the new nation of Pakistan was born, hun- dreds of thousands of people have died in communal fighting, much of it based -on fanatic Hindu- Moslem hatred. Now, new factors are present, Pakistan reached a cordial under- standing with Red China in Feb- ruary. Red China has taken the side of Pakistan against India. In January, India's great leader Jawaharlal Nehru was felled by a stroke and may never resume the reigns of power. No clear suc- cessor is in sight. At the same time, new riots are sweeping India and Pakistan. Hundreds have died and thousands been injured since the first of the year. Set for Talks The situation has. become so tense that the Home Ministers of India and Pakistan have agreed to meet this month to consider the problem. This will be the first ministerial-level talks between the two nations on any 'subjectin nearly a year. The trouble began with parti- tion. Two relatively small pieces of India were cut out to form West Pakistan and East Pakistan: all one nation but separated by about 1,000 miles of India. Partition was born of Moslem demands for their own state. The birth was attended by a great bloodbath. In 18 months, 6.6 mil- lion Moslems fled India to move into Pakistan. At the same time, about 5.5 million non-Moslems mi- grated from Pakistan into India. In the terror accompanying this mass migration, some half a mil- lion people were killed. Mixed Population When the first great paroxysm was over, virtually no Hindus were were left in East Pakistan, and at left in West Pakistan. But millions present there are still about 9 million Hindus and non-Moslems among a population of 55 million. In addition, some 45 million Moslems remain in India, a tiny minority in a population of 400 million, mostly Hindus. This is where the present trouble lies. In Calcutta, a steaming city of 3.5 million people and some of the world's worst slums, hooligans throw jute balls soaked in gaso- line into Moslem shops and homes. Fire: and rioting .break out, hun- dredsofdbuildings are burned and thousands killed or injured. Riots and Blood From East Pakistan :trains trundle into the border provinces of India ,carrying Hindu refugees. Stories spread of atrocities at the hands of the Moslems, and more riots break out. Hindus head for the Moslem sections of Indian cities and fire and death follow. In recent weeks, bloody fighting has taken place in the states of Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Now East Pakistan seems bent on expelling all non-Moslems. In- dia claims 4 million Hindus have been forced to flee from East Pakistan since 1940, and are still fleeing. At the same time, Pakistan charges that India has expelled more than 120,000 Moslems into East Pakistan from the Indian border states of West Bengal and Assam. Opposes Switch Why not exchange of popula- tion, to remove the cause of strife? India opposes this on several grounds. The main contention is that India is a sectarian state, not a religious state, such as Pakistan. India says it is ready to guarantee the rights of all religious minori- ties within its borders, but de- mands that Pakistan do the sable. While the greatest threat to among the men who had followed in Nehru's footsteps for so many years. Some of the Congress Par- ty men around Nehru began to as- sert their ideas. Then, Nehru's health improved enough to enable him to resume his seat in Parliament, and occas- sionally to appear at public func- tions. 'One effect was an immediate downgrading of the men who had moved in while he was ill. Lal Bahadur Shastri, Nehru's right-hand man and once consid- ered his sure successor is not the strong figure he was even a month ago. Uncertain Foreign diplomats who take their problems to Shastri doubt they have talked with the real source of power in the Indian gov- ernment. Those seeking high-level gov- ernmental decisions try to touch all bases with calls to at least three ministries and, many times, to Nehru's garden for a hurried cup of tea. His physicians restrict visitors to 20 minutes. After tea and Shastri, decision- seekers must also check in with Home Minister Gulzarilal Nanda and Finance Minister T. T. Krish- namachari. These three men formed the "troika" that was to guide the government in Nehru's absence. It developed they were highly in- dividualistic men somewhat ill- suited for collective leadership. India's second echelon of lead- ership, the men who keep the mountains of paper moving in the ministries, shows the strain of in- decision and lack of direction. More Headaches With Communist China and Pakistan moving closer together, India faces the prospect of two avowed enemies forming an anti- India combine. Newspapers and government officials call this one of the most dangerous problems independent India ever has faced. Yet no single government lead- er has come forward with a con- crete proposal of what India should do. Everyone is "awaiting developments." United States offers of increased military aid are bogged down in indecision and faulty planning. American military men have been waiting for months for detailed requests on what aid India wants. Serious fear is expressed by government officials that religious rioting between Hindus and Mos- lems on the India-Pakistan border could develop into serious conflict between Indian and Pakistani armed forces. But the diplomatic dialogue with Pakistan is closed and no one has come forth with a suggestion on how to reopen it. UN Opponents In the United Nations, India opposes Pakistan's request for re- newed Security Council debate on the dispute over the state of Kashmir. But no Indian official has given a solid procedural rea- son why debate should not be re- sumed and India as a result faces a possibly serious diplomatic de- feat. Other problems are developing: a famine threatens in Rajasthan state, and the nation's economy is in bad shape. But there is no sign that the] firm leadership needed to attack these problems will be forthcom-, ing soon. Gen. Robert F. Kennedy ran into increased Republican opposition to the administration's anti-poverty bill yesterday. The GOP members of the House Education and Labor subcommit- tee lvho let other cabinet oficers off fairly lightly in previous hear- ings on the program, peppered Kennedy with complaints about it. Kennedy stood firmly by the bill and made it clear the idea of an all-out attack on poverty started with his brother, the late Presi- dent John F. Kennedy. Objections Republicans expressed ,Ioncern about the cost of the $962.5-mil- lion program and raised questions involving race and religion, ap- parently in an effort to shake the support of southern Democrats. Rep. William H. Ayres (R-Ohio) said because of the large numbers of -Negroes mired in poverty and the limited number cf oe ,sons who could be helped by the job corps section of the bill, "there won't be any white people in it.' Rep. Phil M. Landrum (D-Ga, whose sponsorship of the bill is expected to bring it 40 or 50 south- ern votes, challenger Ayres' state- ment. Poverty Everywhere "Negroes are not the only poor people in the world," Landrum said. Citing widespread poverty among whites, especially in the rural south, Landrum said the bill "is drafted to relieve poverty wherever it occurs and whatever the color of the people." Rep. Dave Martin (R-Neb) said the administration, by limiting di- rect support of educational proj- ects in the program to public of aid to parochial schools. "No, we are facing up to the issue that we didn't want to aid parochial schools." Later Kennedy explained that parochial schools would be able to participate in a communityrwide anti-poverty program under the bill. "Thekey is that it must be part of a community action pro- gram," he said. An amendment specifically lim- iting anj federal aid for such programs to the ' communitywide agency would be acceptable to him, he added. Predict Food Stamp Victory WASHINGTON ()-Rep. Leo- nor K. Sullivan (D-Mo), sponsor of the . food stamp bill, yesterday called the program "an integral and essential part of the drive on poverty." The bill would expand nation- wide a pilot program aimed at improving the diets of needy fam- ilies. Those who qualify would buy food stamps for what they would normally spend on food, and could trade them in at grocery stores for a bonus amount of food of their own choice. The bill is scheduled for a final vote today, and its backers pre- dict victory.t Since it commands wide sup- port from northern city congress- men, its fate is intertwined with the cotton-wheat bill slated to follow it. WASHINGTON (A) - Atty. (EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the third in a series of articles dealing with the Negro in Atlanta. An edi- torial written in conjunction with the series appears on Page 4.) By ROBERT JOHNSTON Special To The Daily ATLANTA - The city's large, beautiful and very expensive air- port symbolizes best the import- ance of the businessman and his ambitions in Atlanta. Inside the airport hangs a large and also very expensive mobile. In the center of it is a representation of the phoenix rising from a bed of ashes, portraying the rebuild- ing of the city after Sherman's devastation. The Chamber of Com- merce as adopted a modernistic rendering of the phoenix for its own symbol. But outside the airport lies the expressway into downtown Atlan- ta-poorly designed, littered with potholes and ends at a midtown interchange that has been worked on for many years, and is still not complete. The airport signifies the business community's great in- fusion of new life and talent to the city while the expressway shows that there is much to be done. Bias Favors Negro The businessman has tackled Atlanta's problems with singular force, and the Negro is one of these problems. When the Cham- ber of Commerce president resign- ed in 1962 to run for mayor and won, a strong bias in city govern- ment in. favor of business views was assured. In a recent interview, Opie Shel- ton, executive vice-president of the Atlanta chamber, talked about the businessmen's approach to the Ne- gro situation in the city: "We were the first United States chamber of commerce to become involved with the Negro issue. We did so because we are dedicated to the mission of producing dol- lars and jobs without undue re- gard for who gets them. "With 40 per cent- of our citi- zens Negro, we recognize that by increasing their economic status we will all be better off. We took a stand on the school integration issue and have called for business desegregation, asking hotels and restaurants to desegregate. The sky-hasn't fallen yet." Next Step The Atlanta businessmen have recognized that the Negro prob- lem cannot be ignored or walked away from in hopes that the prob- lems will disappear. With a tradition of desegrega- tion established in the city in all areas of public accommodation and city facilities, leaders are look- ing to the federal civil rights bill to enable them to penetrate into areas where persuasion, negotia- tion and Negro actions haven't yet managed to take effect. They see the bill as the logical next step needed for conttinuing civil rights progress in the city. Attention now is turning to an- other very important aspect of the' Negro situation - equal employ- ment. "We don't claim to be anthropol- ogists or sociologists. We're sim- ply trying to develop the econo- my, and this includes a program' for retraining white and Negro unskilled labor," Shelton said. Rio .Forces Purge Reds RIO DE JANEIRO (A')-Docu- ments seized in a roundup of9 Communists link Red Chiha and Cuba to a campaign of assassina- tion and revolution planned for Brazil this spring, military sources said yesterday. In the inland capital of Brasilia, Deputy -Euripides Cardoso, a con- servative, said he would propose in congress an immediate diplo- matic break with Fidel Castro's Cuba. He charged that Cuban and other Communist embassies were centers of agitation and infiltra- tion. Cuba's ambassador to Brasilia, Raul Roa Khoury, left Saturday for Havana, reportedly going home for a vacation. Leftist Infiltration Police and army raids were un- covering evidence of surprisinglyI deep Communist infiltration in the wake of last week's overthrow of leftist President Joao Goulart by generals and a group of power- ful state governors. Jornal do Brasil said more than 3000 Communist suspects and tons of weapons, subversive propagan- da and radio sets had been seized in the raids isnce Goulart's down- fall. In Recife in the poverty- plagued northeast, 4th Army offi- cers showed reporters documents they said were taken from a mem- ber of the Communist-dominated General Works command. Reveal Plans These documents called for the installation of a Communist re- gime in Brazill April 2. Other doc- uments showed plans for a Red revolutionto, begin May 1. Many of these documents were said to show links with Peking and Ha- vana "Many jobs are open and avail- able to Negroes, but there are no qualified applicants. Negro col- leges have mainly been geared in the past to producing social work- ers and the like, since this has been one o fthe few fields open to graduates. The situation is greatly helped by Atlanta's low unemployment rate, one half the national aver- age and second lowest of any ma- jor United States city. Ralph McGill, publisher of the Atlanta Constitution, has also' pointed out that the city "has been enriched by having a wide variety of cultural and educational backgrounds represented in the population. A considerable number and variety of business people from all parts of. the U.S. are present, creating an enriched environment. Open Up Hiring Mrs. Eliza Pascal (white) of the Greater Atlanta Council on Hu- man' Relations expressed some impatience with the Negro employ- ment situation: "We sit and sita and talk and talk around the con- ference table, but the Negroes r schooling and jobs now." On the other hand, Zenas Se the white manager of one of city's two Negro radio stati asserted that "great imprn ments" have been made. New Direction Nobody seems to have a c idea of just how many Neg are being employed by form all-white firms because most the hiring is done quietly and ures are hard to obtain. But lanta's main department si Rich's, now has 100 Negro clye The significance of this figure such a Southern strongfholk hard to overestimate. Indeed, this "Southern Inst tino," as it calls itself, is s bolic of the union of the old So and the new business direc' found in Atlanta. In the e of every Georgian, Rich's i, synonym for Southern gracic ness and easy living, yet is also extremely prosperous represei tive of the Atlanta business cc munity. CHOCOLATE* COVERED KATY-DI DS THURSDAY on the DIAG and in FISHBOWL 1.50 sponsored by Pan h sold by KAK sorority World News Roundup By The Associated Press CLEVELAND - A tractor ran over and killed adyoung Presby- Sterian minister during a civil' rights demonstration at a school site yesterday. His death touched off rock-throwing, car-smashing disorders by a crowd which at nightfall numberedsabout 3500, most of them Negroes. * * * MOSCOW - The Soviet Union made two disclosures yesterday indicating another-and possibly spectacular--space venture may be near. Also, veteran cosmonauts are training to go up again and scientists have tested a new air mixture for cabins of space ships. * * * NEW YORK--Eight of the na- tion's gian steel companies were indicted on federal anti-trust charges yesterday-an outgrowth of the dramatic showdown -over pricing two years ago this week between the late President John F. Kennedy and the industry. Among the defendants are the United States Steel Co., the Beth- lehem Steel, Co., and the Great Lakes Steel-Co. * * * CAPE KENNEDY-Project Ge- mini, which promises a string of manned space spectaoulars in the next three years, is scheduled for its maiden test flight today-an attempt to orbit an unmanned spacecraft. WASHINGTON - W. Averell Harriman, undersecretary of state for political afairs, is in overall charge of the administration's Af- rican policy, State Department sources reported yesterday. The decision came from President Lyn- don B. Johnson, who wanted some- one at the I highest level at the State Department to be responsi- ble for long range planning in Africa. * * '9 MILWAUKEE-Alabama Gov. George C. Wallace was winning about 20 per cent of the total vote in early returns from yesterday's presidential primary. Wisconsin Republicans seized the opportuni- ty to support his challenge of ad- miistration civil rights policies. * * * NEW YORK-Steels led a stock market downturn yesterday, the first in five sessions. Trading was active. The Dow-Jones averages had 30 industrials down 1.99, 20 railroads up .45, 15 utilities un- changed, and 65 stocks down .24. PETITION FOR MUSKET. Feeling Hungry Lately? HOWJ'BOUT A PRETZEL? Get at the Fishbowl .. . Diag...Engine Arch ... sponsored by: Delta Phi Epsilon Proceeds to: CYSTIC FIBROSIS CENTRAL COMMITTEE ASST. GEN'L. CHRM. ASST. 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