V, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 19, 1964 THE MICHIGAN DAILY Gabon President Quits AFRICAN POLITICS: Single-Party System Rules New Nations Under After Army Pressure . _ __ Bloodless, Coup t r F r <~> Soviets Take Harder Line At Geneva GENEVA W)-The Soviet Union told the 17-nation disarmament conference yesterday that there will be no compromise of the So- viet stand on world disarmament. He rejected Western proposals for phased, gradual disarmament, calling them unrealistic. In a speech described by West- ern officials as his most uncom- promising since the talks resumed Jan. 21, chief Soviet delegate Sem- yon K. Tsarapkin accused the West of putting national interests be- fore disarmament and holding out little hope for progress at Geneva. Tsarapkin claimed that the United States will have more than 1000 intercontinental rockets by mid-1965. A 30 per cent reduction In the first stage of disarmament, as proposed by the West, still would leave America with about 800 rockets. Query "What kind of disarmament ise this?" he asked. "There can be no compromise in the desire for complete disarmament and the end of the threat of thermonuclear war." In the conference session Tsar-e apkn repeated the proposals put forward by Soviet Foreign Minis- ter Andrei Gromyko in the United Nations General Assembly last fall. These would provide for the de- struction of the bulk of nuclear arms and the means of delivery by both sides but with each pow-t er retaining a limited number ofI rockets as'a nuclear deterrent. Tsarapkin's speech appeared to confirm State Department fears that the Soviets may be consider-i ing a tougher, harder policy line.- Step Back United States Deputy Secretary of State for Political Affairs U. Alexis Johnson said Monday that the Soviet leaders may decide to revert to such a policy. Despite the hard line taken by the Soviets yesterday, Western sources were of the opinion that Russian disarmament policy was not being unduly influenced by the defection of Yuri I. Nosenko, a Soviet secret police officer. Lawyers 'Seek Jury for Ruby DALLAS O(P-Jack Ruby's law- yers yesterday lost a sweeping move to bar from his jury anyone who watched on television when he shot Lee Harvey Oswald. How- ever, the first four prospective jurors were excused from the case anyway. Twice the state accepted candi- dates as jurors. This forced the defense to use peremptory chal- leng to bar them, without giving any reasons. The other two prospects were excused by the court-one be- cause he had reservations about the death penalty demanded by the state, the other because she had formed an opinion on the case. LEON M'BA U.S. CUTS AID: Rap Trade With Cuba WASHINGTON W)--The Unit- ed States is ending aid to three countries and suspending new as- sistance to two others because their ships and planes continue to go to Cuba. The State Department announc- ed yesterday thatminecarryingout Congress' new aid law ban on assistance to nations trafficking with the Fidel Castro regime: 1) American aid to Britain, France and Yugoslavia is being terminated. 2) Spain and Morocco will get no new United States aid pending their replies to a United States inquiry on what steps they are taking to cut down their Cuba traffic. Meanwhile already-exist- ing-United States aid programs for these nations will continue. 3) The other 11 United States- aided lands whose ships or planes have visited Cuba in the past will continue to receive United States help because they have taken "ap- propriate steps" to end such com- merce. The amounts involved in the aid cutoff to Britain, France and Yu- goslavia are small compared with the $3-billion global United tSates aid total and the volume of busi- ness the three carry on with Cuba. About $25,000 to $30,000 was said informally to be the amount involved in the French cutoff. The British figure was reported to be even less, and the Yugoslav also was described as "very small." The Johnson administration de- cided on the action after the con- gressional proviso went into effect last Friday. Part of the new aid law, it specifies that no funds shall go to those nations which failed to take "appropriate steps" to prevent their ships and planes from carrying goods to and from Cuba. To Maintain e ee Pro-French GovernmentIi . I Leaders Pronise9 To Free Prisoners c LIBREVILLE, Gabon (P) - At revolutionary military committee seized power in Gabon in a blood- less coup yesterday, arrested Presi- dent Leon M'Ba and forced him tot resign. Soldiers from Gabon's 450-man army, supported by gendarmes and police, occupied strategic points in Libreville during the night. They seized the presidential palace, ra- dio station and post office. Not a shot was fired and life in the capital went on normally. Statements were read every half hour over the radio calling on res- idents of Libreville to remain calm< and promising that "public liber- ties will be restored and all politi- cal prisoners will be freed." The airport was closed and com- munications were cut in the earlyj stages of the coup, but messages started filtering out during the evening. Under arrest with the 62-year- old president were his ministers and the president of the National Assembly. Only about a month agoI the army had pledged its loyalty to the president. A spokesman for the revolution- ary committee said the coup was designed "to avoid bloody trou- bles that might be provoked by the opposition" but he did not elabor-c ate. He said Gabon's foreign poli- cy, which has been pro-French in this former French colony, would be unchanged. The spokesman, Sub-Lt. Danielt Mbene, said the committee was working to set up a provisionalI government that would not in- clude any holdovers from M'Ba's cabinet. He said Lt. Jacques Monbo, an officer of the gendarmes, would su-I pervise the government. BesidesC Mbene and Monbo, other members of the revolutionary committee areI Lt. Jean Essone, and Sub-Lt. Dan- iel Nbo Edou. The seizure was timed five days before the scheduled election of a new parliament. Mbene said the army acted to avoid the outbreak "of uncontrollable demonstrations" during the election Sunday. It was not immediately clear whether the rebel action favored the major opposition forces led by Jean Hilaire Aubame, or radical elements in M'Ba's own party. A hastily formed military coun- cil joined the military leaders in holding power until the formation :f a provisional government, prom- ised by tomorrow. By KENNETH L. WHITING Associated Press Staff Writer LAGOS-Government by a sin- gle political party is a growing trend in the developing African nations. Voters in Ghana approved one- party state socialism this month. Former French colonies have held elections which resulted in overwhelming majorities for the only party fielding candidates in each. None of the four--Dahomey, Congo (Brazzaville), Chad and the Central African Republic - have opposition members in parliament. Elections are becoming less im- portant as the source of real po- litical power, except as apparent evidence of support. The previous regimes in Dahomey and the Con- go Republic were toppled by coups d'etat so. the struggle for politi- cal power was decided before elec- tions took place. 'Ungrateful Wretches' During the Ghana referendum, government newspapers not only urged a massive vote of approval but also w a r n e d "ungrateful wretches" that unhappy conse- AFL-CIO Council Charges Unfair Unemployment Laws MIAMI BEACH (R) - The AFL-CIO executive oouncil accused state legislatures and "aspiring presidential candidates" yesterday of sabotaging unemployment benefits under pressure from em- ployers. The policy-making council of the giant labor federation sin- gled out Gov. William Scranton of Pennsylvania for special criti- cism, and called on Congress to establish a federal minimum for jobless payments. "Scranton has now proposed that benefits be dis-, quences awaited them if they vot- ed no. Single-party control is reached in most new states through persua- sion or coercion and not necessar- ily through outright and purpose- ful legislation. However, Uganda Prime Minis- ter Milton Obote is seeking to carefully map a one-party social- ist regime. He insists, "A one- party state provides for collective self-criticism and examination- as opposed to organized opposition outside the party itself." Like Obote, many African lead- ers insist that the essence of de- mocracy remains under one-party control. Politicians justify or ex- cuse the lack of opposition with one or more of these arguments: 1) New African nations are too fragile to have skilled and learned men criticizing the country instead of working for it; 2) A single national party can weld a nation out of tribes, many of whom have been enemies for centuries. Parties tend to be trib- al or regional, dividing that coun- try; KWAME NKRUMAH 3) The party that leads a col- ony to independence has an ap- peal no other political group can match. It may seem unpatriotic even to oppose it; and 4) Single-party governments are frequently coalitions which con- solidate factions opposed to each other before independence. Socialist Regime When these politicians talk of single - party government they mean a socialist regime. Capital- ism has few vocal proponents and many Africans see Communism as an alien ideology tied too closely to one side in the cold war. Socialism does not have the same meaning for everyone in tropical Africa. Whatever their definition, most of the one-party states rule largely agricultural lands and have little to national- ize. They intend using govern- ment guidance and control to in- dustrialize but they know they cannot industrialize without for- eign capital. The Ghanaian defense minister, Kofi Baako, says, "A young state like ours cannot afford to dissipate its national efforts through sense- less wranglings and obstructive tactics which organized political opposition encourages." Preventive Detention As many as 1000 persons are believed held in preventive deten- tion in Ghana because the govern- ment feels they constitute some sort of threat when free. Universi- ty student leaders who expressed criticism of Russia's treatment of African students or of Prsident Kwame Nkrumah's dismissal of chief justice Sir Ara Korsah are in hiding. Nowhere in Africa, however, do you yet find a regimented, sin- gle-party police state like Haiti or Trujillo's old Dominican Re- public. Even bitter Nkrumah opponents agree that no Ghanaian political detainee has been tortured or kill-' ed. Tribal Rule African tribal life is tradition- ally ruled by a chief and a coun- cil of elders with only a limited degree of prerogatives available to the mass of people. Africans tend to like strong leaders. French Pres- ident Charles de Gaulle has many admirers here. Colonial rule in Africa was most- ly non-democratic. Ultimate pow- er and responsibility always rest- ed with the colonial governor. OL IlJu ' a wait Corr SI for the National Roundup By The Associated Press WASHINGTON - Only two states-Georgia and Maryland - moved yesterday to place them- selves more in line with Mon- day's "one man, one vote" edict of the Supreme Court. *' * * WASHINGTON - Indications piled up yesterday that wheat-cot- ton legislation will be shelved so the Senate can dive into the lengthy civil rights battle as soon as the big tax cut bill is sent to the White House. . * * NEW YORK-A late decline nul- lified the gains of an earlier rally on the New York Stock Exchange yesterday, as the Dow Jones 30 industrials were down .79, 20 rail- roads down .05, 15 utilities down .34 and 65 stocks down .30. "continued for over 90,000 unem- ployed persons," the council said in a statement. "Instead of at- 'tacking u~nemploymnent he attacks the unemployed." The council said states are in- creasingly sacrificing unemploy- ment insurance in order to attract industry. "This vicious cycle, aggravated by interstate competition, has pre- vented the system from fulfilling either its social objective of al- leviating the distress of unemploy- ment or its economic objective of maintaining purchasing power." "In the face of this threatened breakdown of the system, Con- gress has done nothing. State leg- islatures, under heavy pressure from employers, continue to un- dermine benefits. Twelve state leg- islatures cut back one or anoth- er part of the benefit structure in their state laws last year," the council added. AFL - CIO President George Meany said the AFL-CIO will do everything possible to help labor leaders fight any cut in jobless benefits. TRAVEL TO EAST, WEST, NORTHERN EUROPE Featuring Hi-lights of: France, Switzerland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, England. 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