01 £rlpgan gait, Seventieth Year AND MANAGED ST STUDENTs OF THE UNIWEKsrry OF MICHIGAN AUTHORrry OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONs ti PBUcATIONs BLD. . ANN ARBOR, MICH. * Phone No 2-3241 n Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers s. This must be noted in all reprints. NIGHT EDITOR: FAITH WEINSTEIN Crisis in Suburban Schooling I rnit Progress. -tent or Hlumane. he University n unusually of this corn- -ratic society d by most .s orientation Greenberg, Trost as well, . elation of the academics. uncement by' :myna Delta of _~tonomy" and policies. excellent in niversity has e classroom student is impossibly- iy, in which wires of the sagreement, raditionally rnrelated to s the two ml--:ust be t -ity is to ,community. ...a NU and 7tin intent. v a desire to of segrega- The decisions nd passively d beards, they rtng the more ,as picketing ?iks seem to the Ann Arbor :mer. uitement prob- -pear to have up to $2.25. "Ier starvation t haircuts, the 1-g. .-K. MCZ. allow the local chapters some measure of independence from their national organizations and also offer human beings at least the opportunity to be judged as human beings when they rush. The doubts remain lingering, however. The first involves the general question of motive. There is absolutely no doubt about the in- tegrity of Miss Greenberg and Trost, but one must nevertheless ask if the two important changes are the result of outside pressures on the fraternity systems or an actual inner- directed desire on the part of fraternity af- filiates. Undoubtedly both motives are present, not only on this campus but also across the country. Wherever the superficial motive- "we must become academic and integrated if we are to be allowed to stay on campus"- exists, it must be replaced by more humane, more sincere intentions. THE SECOND DOUBT follows from the first. It concerns the gap between declarations and realities. Again, while Miss Greenberg and Trost have acted from genuine sincerity, one must still point out that the actual campus situation is far from ideal. Fraternities still tend to ritualize the playing of games more than any other campus living units. Some still continue anachronistic "hell weeks." They still tend to "play it cool" rather than open their value systems to all the pressures that teachers and other students can bring to -bear.i They still tend to divide their membership according to faith or race-over 30 are almost solidly White Christian, seven are largely Jewish, two are totally Negro. There is, in other words, little reason to believe that the elimina- tion of a discriminatory membership restriction actually eliminates racial or religious dis- crimination. These are the major problems the fraternity today faces-not the false problem of how to remain in existence on the University campus. The local system is improving. But is must further adhere in practice to the words Trost used last spring at a Big Ten fraternity con- ference: "American society has sufficiently changed so that there is no room for carry- overs from pre-Civil War days such as these arbitrary discrimination clauses. We must re- cognize that fraternities which are located on a given campus are, in effect, guests of the university, and that they should keep in good faith with that University." THOMAS HAYDEN, Editor LETTERS: Philosophic Statement To the Editor: IN RESPONSE to the question on the editorial page of yesterday's Daily, "When is the college ex- perience?"; it occurred on Sep- tember 20, 1960, at 3:25 p.m. EST- Sorry you missed it. --C. Hugh Fleetwood Cyrus W. Banning John H. Woods Morris Starsky Ronald Stoathoff, Department of Philosophy Picketers Fence .. . To the Editor: I SIOULD like to correct a state- ment made by Peter Stuart in his otherwise excellent description of the activities of the Ann Arbor Direct Action Committee in Tues- day's Daily. It was stated that "Picketing against the Cousins shop will resume at its expected reopening next month. . . ." No plans to resume picketing of the Cousins shop have been made by AADAC at this time. In May AADAC requested the Ann Arbor Human Relations Com- mission to enter the case as me- diator. We are currently awaiting word from the commission. It is our policy to attempt serious dis- cussions and negotiations with all parties concerned. --Jack Ladinsky, Coordinator Ann Arbor Direct Action Committee Reviewers All students interested in re- viewing films, theatre, music, opera, art or books for The Daily are invited to attend an open meeting at 8 p.m. to- day on the first floor of the Student Publications Building. large enough, too large or still has room to grow. Some persons sug- gest that any administration- government, business or university -does not think it is doing a good job unless it is always expanding its activities. University President H a r l a n Hatcher has committed this Uni- versity to continued growth. He feels that, as a state-supported in- stitution, it is the University's duty to educate the growing num- bers of high school students grad- uated in Michigan. Further, the larger the school, the greater amount of research it can support. However, the University hasn't been able to expand much in re- cent years. The state Legislature, which supplies about one-third of the University's operating funds, has not upped its appropriations considerably. THE LEGISLATURE would like to have greater control over the University. At present, the Uni- versity is a constitutionally auton- omous body whose only formal connection with state government is the receipt of operating and building funds. A bill which several legislators favor would knit together the nine state-supported colleges and uni- versities under a supervisor who would answer to the Legislature. It has never been acted upon. As long as the Legislature does not provide the University with more funds, the University must work within nearly the same budget from year to year (un- less it tries to raise more money from outside sources). THIS MEANS ADMISSIONS must be held at a nearly constant level. But greater numbers of high school graduates are applying. The University could be more selective, thereby raising the qual- ity of studenats. Or it can cut down the number of out-of-state students, which has stood in recent years at about one- third of all the freshmen. The University is thinking of doing this. The University's Future:* Expansion or Stasis? By NAN MARKEL City Editor IE University's student body, counting those on the Ann Arbor, Flint and Dearborn campuses, is approximately 32,634. Do students lose their individuality at the University? Is it too big to be home? Or are there enough small groups so that each per- son may find one which he would like to fit into? Does the University mass-produce its graduates? Can teachers give enough individual attention to encourage their students to think originally? THE UNIVERSITY has never been able to tell whether it is By MICHAEL OLINICK Daily staff writer O RATORICAL bigotry, cries of racial discrimination, and the angry faces of student picketers reflected the problem of providing an adequate education for 24 De- troit area students, a crisis which is still not completely resolved after a summer of meetings, speeches and conferences. No real positive action towards a solution came until Governor Williams intervened at a school board meeting of Royal Oak town- ship's all-Negro George Washing- ton Carver School District early this month. He pleaded with the members to dissolve the district and allow the county to attach the area to a sounder one. It was after 3 a.m. when the angered and des- perate township people finally re- ceived the resignations of the board's members, the first step toward dissolution of the district. THE IMMEDIATE cause of this move was concern for the two dozen Carver ninth graders who had nowhere to attend classes ex- cept in their own elementary school, under a makeshift and in- adequate curriculum. Underlying it was a sincere community desire for sound and upright education. The Carver district had been maintaining a kindergarten through eighth grade system, sending its high school age young- sters to Detroit on a tuition basis. Last year, however, notice was given that Detroit would no longer accept any new tuition students beginning September 1960 because of overcrowding in its secondary schools. * , * TURNING to its neighbors, Car- ver asked Ferndale and Oak Park to accept the ninth graders. Fern- dale, long regarded as a fine school system, examined its mammoth new high school and claimed it could not rescind its long standing policy against it accepting any tui- tion students. Oak Park, a young suburb with a majority of Jewish families, evaluated its excellent ed- ucational plant and arrived at the same decision as Ferndale. But everything did not remain quiet in this offspring of the urban exodus. While Carver began planning for a ninth grade within Its own borders (its only alternative after refusal by the other districts), citi- zens groups began to mobilize in Oak Park. They believed that it was a "moral responsibility" to system. They were convinced that accept the students into Oak Park's system. They were con- vinced that Carver could not offer an adequate high school program, while Oak Park already had an excellent one in existence, * * * THE QUESTION of racial dis- crimination arose. Many people viewed Oak Park as a city popu- lated by a majority who had moved to the suburbs to abandon a white neighborhood Into which Negro families were moving. The local citizens groups moved to convince the Oak Park School Board to change its original deci- sion. Prof. Leonard Moss, a sociol- ogist at Wayne State University, worked to interest local residents in the problem and the B'nai Brith's Anti - Defamation League helped spark action. Sol Plafkin, an elementary school teacher and defeated candidate for county drain commissioner stirred up a local chapter of the Young Demo- crats to advocate the admittance of these students in Oak Park. Dan Berkowitz, a graduate of Oak Park High School and a freshman at Wayne's Monteith College. posed a series of questions to the school board asking for a clear-cut state- ment of what moral responsibility and action the board would take in solving the problem. * *.* THE PRESSURE of these indi- vidual citizens and organizations resulted in a public meeting of the school board. In the packed gym- nasium of an Oak Park elementary school, both sides presented their views after Dr. William Emerson, Oakland County Superintendent of Education, gave an historical background of the Carver district. The Carver school district is in- side Royal Oak Township, an area in which the federal government moved workers near the end of World War II. A defense plant was erected, "temporary" housing set up, and a school constructed. After the war, the government decided to let the "temporary" situation continue and added to the school. The defense plant, however, was no longer needed and $6 million in taxable property was moved out of the factory. Instead of selling the building to a commercial industry which might have moved taxable items into it, the federal govern- ment decided to give it to the National Guard and remove it from the tax rolls. * * * THIS LOSS of assessable prop- erty left the Carver District with a tax base of $2,400 per child. The average base in Michigan is up- wards of $13,000 and Oak Park, Ferndale, and Detroit all exceed the average. At the final meeting of the Carver school board, Gov. Williams said, "Experts feel that such a small tax base cannot sup- port an adequate and complete school system." The district has a low social and economic level. Vice and violence are no strangers to its residents. Many people have termed the area "The garbage dump of Oakland County." * * * AGAINST THIS background, Oak Park citizens debated whether or not to accept the two dozen chil- dren and give them a proper edu- cation, At the public meeting, those uwho favoredsadmission of the students stressed the moral responsibility to give all children a good education. They cited the precepts of the Founding Fathers and charged that local prejudices could make "Ugly Americans" at home as well as abroad. Those who opposed the admis- sion claimed Oak Park could not economically offer to allow the students into its schools. Tuition, they said, would be hard to collect from an area whose residents were mostly on welfare. Didn't Carver still owe Detroit $125,000? Taxes, already high, would nave to be hiked again. As far as responsibility goes, they argued, Oak Park had no more than the county, the state, and the nation. Besides, Oak Park's con- cern should be with its own chil- dren. "Although I agree that our pri- mary obligation is to the children of residents within the Oak Park school district," Dr. Morris Weiss, one of the two board members who vote dto accept the students, said "I could not face my wife and children with a clear conscience if I denied these youngsters a decent education." ** , STRANGELY ENOUGH, another man named Morris Weiss rose to speak later. He was a former school board member and was proud of the Oak Park system. "Don't think it was merely an ac- cident," he said, "we planned It that way." He went on to describe the Car- ver district as corrupt and dis- honest, criminal and violent, fool- ish and immoral. "The area's full of thirteen year old whores and hoodlums. Do ou want your children to associate with these kind of people?" he cried. "Bigoted old man!" an angered and trembling young voice an- swered him. . * * * PREJUDICE WAS NOW AN open public issue. As the young man who had shouted at Weiss put it, "They have been trying to hide behind a false economic issue to conceal their fear and hatred of Negroes. It's a clear- cut case of racial bigotry.'" All the emotion and logic re- leased at the meeting did not sway Oak Park's decision. With less than a week remaining before classes started, the Carver ninth graders seemed destined to a year of inferior training. A group of student picketers formed in Oak Park to protest the board's decision. Their intention was to picket the high school and stage a student walkout on the first day of classes. * * * CARVER RESIDENTS ALSO refuse to accept the alternative of a poor education for their children. A group led by Reuben Harris requested and received a chance to speak their minds at a public meeting of the school board. Gov. Williams, State Super- intendent of Education Lynn Bartlett, and the Oakland County Board of Education accepted in- vitations to attend the meeting and help solve the district's prob- lem. Williams and Bartlett told an audience of 600 that the state felt that every school district should support its own kindergarten through twelfth grade system Since Carver's tax base was to small to provide this much edu- cation on an adequate scale, they advised the dissolution of the dis- trict. The county would then at- tach the area to Ferndale or Oak Park, or parts to each. Fearing that dissolution might mean the establishment of a seg- regated district within Oak Park or Ferndale, the residents asked Williams if this could happen. The Governor replied that this was constitutionally impossible and that there was no history of school segregation in any Michigan area, He told the Carver residents that any refusal to resign and let the district be dissolved would be "A vote for segregation." AFTER THE RESIDENTS In- dicated their almost unanimous (only three opposed) wish that Carver be dissolved, the school board met in closed session to discuss resignation. The meeting reconvened at 12:30 a.m. and a voice vote was taken of the board members. The atmosphere was quite, but tense, as each member spoke his vote. Three members favored thevdissolution and re- signed, two opposed it and stayed on the board. The happy cheers of the resi- dents were quelled by the Gover- nor's statement that all five mem- bers must approve the action. He adjourned the meeting. In eight hours the Carver school would greet its first group of high school students, however unprepared it might be. Angry Carver parents would not ecquiesce to the board's vote. During the night a "semi- Vigilante" group visited the homes of the two members who had re- fused to sign. One gave in at 2:30 saying, 1I did not understand the real issues involved." At 3:30 the fifth man resigned with his terse "I cannot stand in the way of progress." THE OFFICIAL RESIGNATION came last Monday. County Super- intendent Emerson promptly set Sept. 26 as the date for a special election to fill the board vacancies. If fewer than five qualified elec- tors indicate they will run, the district will be officially dissolved. Gov. Williams and a Carver citizens committee haveaindicated they would talk to anyone in- terested in running for the office and attempt to dissuade them. It is expected that no one will file for the election and the dis- trict will dissolve. Immediately following this, the county will annex the area to Oak Park and/ or Ferndale. Dr. James N. Pepper, Oak Park School Superintendent has in- dicated it would take at least two years of litigation before the Car- ver students could be integrated in the Oak Park system. Citizens are passing petitions around request- ing trat Oak Park receive none of the Negro students. They are claiming that tax rates will go up and people may flee the suburb, initiating collapsing property 4 ., ;. nority r O trhers are kill- =-ave declared ye achieved a "anhattan, a Russia will 'other states- orld have not Ct-is messy t time of both ions. There ng into UN Sappens they " tly when the longed and even the weaker ones. e explosion principle of a . m can save on that will a the turmoil will cause shchev and ,he classical on the idea ire right to - owers today er the un- thir nuclear ions, speak- t the small likely to h Lumumba Congo are as.Dag too, more In asserting ater stake kt._:e of any :1 V I ; -crrR particular nation, Hammerskijold open himself to fire from every direction. It takes a cool judgement, strong will, un- ruffled nerve to run the UN show under this fire. Our great-grandchildren, if they ever get a chance to write world history, may be grate- ful to a man called Hammarskjold for not losing his nerve. AMM ihCA "s' followed the only possible cour"insupporting the UN action in the Congo. Its real failure has been the failure to move rapidly inside Africa so that the Russians were left to make all the first moves, and its failure inside the UN to go beyond the mere support of Hammarskjold and to take the offensive with a dramatic "keep out of Africa" campaign. This is all the stranger when you set it within the frame of Henry Cabot Lodge's boastful promise, as Vice Presidential candi- date, that "we will win the cold war by ending it." On the first great African test, the Congo struggle, America is neither ending nor winning the cold war. Lodge says the American motto will be "mystify, mislead and surprise." He lays himself open to the retort that America's policies for eight years have mystified only its allies, mislead only the voters, and surprised no one. I fear that the Stonewall Jackson motto which Lodge quoted is a better description of Soviet tactics than of American. Khrushchev moved swiftly and ruthlessly into the Congo, flew Ilyushin planes to the support of Lumum- ba, maneuvered Communist agents and sym- pathizers into Lumumba's inner council of ad- visers, and is now on his way to the UN to pose as the champion of the new African nations. NO MATIER HOW shockingly he insulted President Eisenhower and the American people at the Paris summit, he cannot be ignored. He must be answered by an attack which anticipates his own. For Khrushchev is trying to follow on the African continent the pattern of penetration, subversion, and domination which he has followed in the satellites and now in Cuba. He embraces Lumumba in order the better to strangle the Congolese people when the incredible Lumumba has gone the way of all pro-Communist puppets. In the first war of THE AMERICAN STUDENT 1960: Why This Erupn ug Generation? 4 (EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the second in a four-part series of articles on the new role of the American student.) By THOMAS HAYDEN Editor VlHE forces causing and molding the erupting student genera- tion are several and interconnect- ed, ranging from the Cold War to the rise of the Paperback Book. Strangely enough, many of them are the same forces which apparently shaped the "beat" and "silent" generations of the Fif- ties. They are forces and ideas which may be traced back far in time, to the Renaissance with its em- phasis on kinetic focus, to the Enlightenment and the notion of human activity moving progres- sively toward an ideal, then to the development, of science and concurrent undermining of older idealisms and concepts of prog- ress, to Mill and classical liberal- ism, to Jefferson's attitudes on liberty, human dignity, and tyr- anny, to Ghandi's principles of non-violent action, to Camus' con- cept of the human struggle and commitment. CERTAINLY fundamental to the rise of the student movement is the attack on dogma begun long ago by men like Copernicus, Galileo, Darwin and Hume which has gained momentum and ac- ceptance in the twentieth cen- tury, particularly among behav- ioral and physical scientists. In recent times spokesmen as dis- Men like Philip Jacob recogniz- ed at the same time a retreat from adventure into secure conserva- tism on the American campus. Ed- mund Shower, who graduated from Johns Hopkins last year, ex- pressed the sentiments of the so- called "silent generation": If my generation seems inert, it is not because we do not care; it is because we feel helpless...we are not so much lost as rootless. For we did not choose to make the old ideas obsolete; the changes which rendered them so were foisted upon us. Our intellectual forebears-- Darwin, Marx, Freud-have left us with nearly barren ground; with principles and truths robbed of all certainty. We are a generation that wants to believe but dares not. We have no firm princi- ples to grasp for support. THE OTHER "RETREATING" element of the younger genera- tion, popularly symbolized by Ker- ouac, was also crying out: "... What she has to say about the world, about everybody falling apart, about everybody clawing aggressively at one another in one grand finale of our glorious culture, about the madness in high places and the insane dis- organized stupidity of the people who let themselves be told what to do and what to think by char- latans-all that is true!" But less than a year after such declarations, an emotional and moral revolution had come to cerned that all of us, Negro and white, realize the possi- bility of becoming less in- human humans through com- mitment and action, with all their frightening complexi- ties... * * * STUDENTS, at least a large minority of them, were becoming actively involved in the public order despite its complexity. They acted often from frustration and uncertainties, but they acted nonetheless with spontaneity and fervor, like men who have reach- ed a point where it is self-im- molating not to act. Some observers had been pre- dicting such a revolution in Amer- ica for some .time-a revolution that would reduce complexity to moral simplicity, that would re- store emotion to religion, that would in fac$ give man back his "roots." It was within the 1960 stu- dent that it developed fully, and carried in application to the realm of public affairs. Few had ex- pected the students would lead, although they were almost by definition the natural group to take up such a role. * * * EVERY GENERATION is some- what disappointed with the so- ciety they inherit, but rarely (if at all) in the past have world tensions been so great and world developments so rapid and far- reaching. The present student generation was born on the brink of war and to speak and think openly was seriously jeopardized in the uni- versities. Hence, one may argue the McCarthy period greatly in- tensified the pressures on the student which had already been generated by the cold war and the breakdown of old systems of dogma and valuation. It is a generation which can- not avoid reading criticism of it- self and its fathers; indeed the media have flooded the market with inexpensive paperbacks such as "The Lonely Crowd," "The Hidden Persuaders," "The Organi- zation Man." And beyond the realm of books, the students could watch or read about hypocracies everywhere: Take the Van Doren case or the "payola" scandals. * * * Further, the student was not only beset by uneasiness because of the world of crisis, but be- cause of a growing American con- text of uneasiness, best manifest- ed in the current discussions of "national purpose." Finally, this student generation is infused with the traditional stu- dent feelings: Idealism, hope, im- patience, readiness to inherit the world. But the world, as viewed by many students, seems filled with political expedience, a vac- uum of leadership, great gaps be- tween the rich and poor, greater gaps between idealism and reali- ties. IT HAS BEEN THEREFORE, a generation of students accurately described as containing "tension