SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 6,1966 THE MICHIGAN DAILY PAGE THREE A Pacification Program Vital to U.S. War Effort SAIGON, South Viet Nam (P) - Because liberated areas do not stay liberated-Because good intentions often are defeated by the system itself- Because of politics, graft, cor- ruption, suspicion and insecurity- BRtam of m vthimm the nrn It is commonplace t ohear that the United States cannot possibly be defeated militarily in Viet Nam. But how does it win? U.S. officials see the answer in the pacication program, which most see as a long and difficult struggle. ture of South its peasantry, people. Viet Nam rests in' four-fifths of the '. iecause or manytui ngs, We - Sci gram which goes by the name of Security Needed pacification is hardly off the The big trouble is that nowhere ground. can pacification work until there is The United States is putting $d.relative security. The program Thenitdy Sthats sputting$2cannot outrun the military. Before million a day into what appears it can begin, an area must first Viet Nam's future aoassive pro- be cleared of Communists. Security is a relative term. Even gram to pacify, unify and recon- in' cleared areas there is opportu- struct this nation. nity for terror. U.S. Aid Pacification Program U.S. economic aid alone is at On paper, pacification is sup- the rate of $600 million yearly - posed to bring about progress in about $40 for each man, woman the fields of the economy, the so- and child in the nation. This is cial and political structures, securl apart from the cost of the war, ity and national unity. It is based over $15 billion a year. on the assumption that the fu- The program is called nation- building. The plan is to organize 40,000 trained workers into "revo- lutionary development" teams of 59 members each, to work from area to area as they are cleared of Communists. About 25;000 have been gradu- ated from a fairly brief but in- tensive training program at Vung Tau, 40 miles southeast of Saigon. There are 461 teams in being. Obstacles to Success But obstacles make the pr-gram's successes painfully few. South Viet Nam has 2,885 vil-. lages divided into 13,211 hamlets. Pacification must start at the hamlet level. Only a relative hand- ful of hamlets can be called suffi- ciently pacified for the program to begin. There are all sorts of frus-! trating contradictions. Pacification involves clearing an area but also screening its inhabi- tants to find out which are sus- pects. These sometimes run into the thousands in one operation. The rear guard-the South IVet- namese army in some cases and the South Koreans in some areas -often take over the screening. The screening can be rough. Whole villages sometimes are mov- ed away. Vietnamese peasants are deeply devoted to their own areas. They are sensitive to ethnic, reli- gious and sectional differences, and resent being thrown into unsegre- gated life with others. Often the program builds new resentments. Americans try to sugar-coat the pill by making the process of de- taining a village something like a county fair, with gifts and goodies and inoculations against diseases. The difficulty is that nobody can be sure just who is and who is not a Viet Cong. Most of the de- tained peasants are allowed to re- turn to their villages. Any Viet Cong among them are free again to resume their activities. Often an area remains cleared only until the Americans pull out. The Communists regroup and eventually return, and the job must be done over again. Only the "inkblot" concept seems to have a real chance - gradually fanning out government authority from se- cured areas. That takes a long time. Da Nang in the north long has been secured by U.S. Marines who landed there 18 months ago. Five miles away the territory in inse- cure. One village so persistently resisted pacification that finally it was destroyed. The U.S. military says that in some areas the situation is good enough to permit more attention to support of revolutionary devel- opment by the Americans. They say this is true of a large area of Binh Dinh Province, where a wide sector has been cleared by Korean troops. The Americans hope to chal- lenge the infrastructure of the Viet Cong, but to challenge it they must get at it. The Communists do not commit their most impor- tant officer cadres to battle. The hard-core leaders survive to do more recruiting, training and lead- ing. Il Another difficulty: areas are cleared but there are not enough forces for occupation. In the opin- ion of many here, there probably never will be enough, no matter how many Americans come in. iVetnamese forces called civil ir- regular defense groups and coun- ter-terror groups, civilians, are supposed to cooperate with the program, building militia forces, scaring away Communists, protect- ing villages. Too often such forces engage in loot, rape and pillage, leaving a well of hatred. Province and district chiefs of- ten are unwilling to understand and support the program, though there has been an effort to indoc- trinate them at Vung Tau semi- nars. Many provinces still don't have teams. District chiefs have been known to use the teams for their own purposes. There is trouble recruiting gooda people. With the influx of U.S. affluence into the cities, young men and women can make more in a day at legal and illegal pursuits than they can make in months toiling in villages in mortal dan- ger of Communist retaliation. Progress Made The picture is not all dark. There are some good, dedicated district chiefs, some good and dedicated revolutionary development team members already at work building what are called "new life" ham- lets. Some areas in tne central plains have been cleared and develop- ment teams have scored major successes helping peasants to build a better life while the army pro- tects them so they can grow crops. The American hope is that what begins as "search and destroy" ef- fort against the Communists can more and more frequently wind up as "pacification and building." The Americans say South Viet Nam needs a sense of nationhood and that pacification will help to create it. Soviets, French To Make Shift Soviet NIXON TO REPLY: "Payments on Debt to UN' UNITED NATIONS, N.Y. (P)- Authoritative sources predicted yesterday that the Soviet Union and France would make voluntary contributions by the end of this month to help pay off the U N. peacekeeping deficit that they helped pile up. The prediction came the day after the General Assembly un- animously approved recommenda- tions for holding down U.N. spend- ing that came from a special coin- mittee of 14 financial experts set up last year on a proposal from France. Nothing was said about how much the two countries would give. But unconfirmed speculation was that the French contribution would be around $17 million and the Soviet contribution even higher. The deficit is estimated at between $30 million and $50 mil- lion. Contribute at Proper Time The authoritative sources asked not to be identified. But Soviet Ambassador Nikolai T. Fedorenko' indicated that Moscow would con- tribute at the "proper time." And another diplomat in a position to know said he expected some word from Paris on the subject before November was over. Fedorenko heads the Soviet delegation, one of 71 that sponsor- ed a French-drafted resolution by which the assembly's budgetary Committee and then the assembly itself endorsed the expert com- mittee's recommendations. dItalian Floods Take Death Tol; Damage Priceless Art Treasure He was asked after the assembly vote how soon he now expected some more voluntary contrbu- tions to remove the U.N.'s finan- cial difficulties. He replied, "In proper time." "From everybody," was bis an- swer, "because everybody has taken the obligations. We did.' The obligations date back to the assembly's paralyzed 19th :essicn, strung out from Dec. 1, 1964, to Sept, 1, 1965. Two Years Behind When that session began, the Soviet Union and France were among a dozen countries that were counted two years behind in total U.N. dues because they refused to pay General Assembly peacekeep- ing assessments. They contended the assessments were illegal on grounds that only the Security Council was author- ized to start and finance peace- keeping operations. But the United States upheld the assessments and insisted that whenever the assembly voted, the delinquents should be penalized under U.N. Charter Article 19, which says any member two years behind in its dues "shall have no vote." Accordingly, the assembly avoid- ed voting till the United States finally dropped its campaign in August 1965 for want of support. On the day the session ended, the assembly agreed that it would resume voting, that nobody's vote would be challenged and that U.N. members generally would make voluntary contributions to solve the organization's financial difficulties. Since then, 24 of the 121 mem- Troops To Far East{ Russia Moves Army Units to Reinforce Uneasy China Border. FROM WIRE SERVICE REPORTS LONDON - Russia has shifted several more .army divisions to the Far East to reinforce its uneasy border with onetime ally Com- munist China, diplomatic reports said yesterday. The Soviet Union already has 17 divisions in the area and new re- inforcements were expected to bring the total to an estimated well-armed 250,000 men. Sparked by Increased Tension The Soviet moves were appar- ently sparked by an increase in tension along the 6,000-mile Sino-, Soviet border in the wake of the bitter ideological feud between the two Communist giants. China has claimed large portions of the Soviet Far East. Meanwhile, more than 200 Red Guardnzealots were killed or in- jured in a clash with a regiment of government troops in South China recently, travelers from China said in Hong Kong yester- day. Hong Kong Paper A Hong Kong newspaper, the Sing Tao Daily, said the fight be- tween the Red Guards and army units erupted in Kwang-Tung Province last August when the youthful demonstrators went on a rampage of destruction, ransack- ing homes and setting up kanga- roo courts in the streets to try "black elements" (enemies of China's current internal purge). Regiment Intervenes An army regiment-believed to FLORENCE, Italy (A") - Italy's most ruinous floods since the{ Middle Ages eased yesterday after levying a high toll in life and property and damaging some great art treasures. But streams were rising again under lowering clouds in the northeast. -Florence and Venice, two of the great museum cities of the world, were scenes of desolation and misery. Experts said the floods had caused more damage to Florence and its priceless art works than the combat of World War II. Johnson's Press Conference Boosts Democratic Candidates World New By The Associated Press ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia-Em- peror Haile Selassie announced yesterday Ghana had released 19 Guinean diplomats and students taken off a plane in Accura last week and detained. The emperor said the diplomats -including Guinea's foreign min- ister and three other officials- would be on their way to Addis Ababa today to attend the summit conference of the Organization of African Unity which opened here earlier in the day, without Guinea's chief. * * * PITTSBURGH, Pa. -- David L. Lawrence, long-time power in Democratic national politics and former governor of Pennsylvania, lay near death yesterday aftera heart seizure. Lawrence's physician, Dr. Camp- Venice lay stunned and slime cov- ered by the worst flood tide to hit the canal city in a thousand years. More than 100 persons were feared'dead in the Italian phase of fall storms kicking up across Europe from the Meditterranean to Scandinavia. More than 40 dead have been counted. Thousands were injured and tens of thousands made homeless. Threat of Further Trouble The threat of further trouble centered in the Alpine region of Trneto, where floods and land- slides already had cost the lives ?s Roundup bell Moses, told newsmen he was totally unresponsive to treatment and there was no hope of recovery. Lawrence, 77, whose behind-the- scene political moves earned him the sobriquet, "maker of presi- dents," collapsed Friday night while speaking at a party rally. * * * MOSCOW - The Soviet Union today accused Communist China and the United States of hushing up alleged largescale trade with one another. Izvestia, the newspaper of the government said the trade is car- ried on through Hong Kong and Macao and exceeds U.S. trade with this country and East Europe. It said American trade with Hong Kong last year amounted to $534 million. It put American trade with the East bloc at only $278 million. of at least six persons. Trento, a city of 70,000 was isolated. The Weather Bureau said the clouds could unleash new waves of dis- astrous rains. All through the central and most northern sections, struck Friday by the full fury of rain- swollen, tempest-boiled rivers and streams, the floods were retreat- ing. Fierce winds lashed the Yugo- slavian coast and raked southern Poland. At least five persons were dead or missing in Yugoslavia. Trees and electric lines in Poland's Tatra Mountains fell before winds reported to have reached 135 miles an hour. In Italy, Venice was left awash in stinking, salty slime deposited by the Adriatic Sea that had pour- ed water up to six feet above normal levels. Venice waslittered with smash- e i and sunken gondolas and broken boats hurled into canal banks. Scores of the lovely foot bridges that lace the city to- gether were broken. Homes, shops and offices were clogged with filth. Conditions in Florence were even worse. The first relief unit to the city, part of a 50,000-man emergency rescue operation for the stricken zones, was able to get in only Saturday morning. Chaos gripped the city of 450, 000. There was no water, no light, no communications. Nearly 100 convicts broke out of a flood- weakened jail and roamed the city. Police reported an outbreak of looting but were too busy in rescue work to combat it. WASHINGTON (AP) - Al- though forced to forego barns- torming in, their behalf, Presi- dent Johnson has handed Demo- cratic candidates a bag of politi- cal goodies which many are. likely to display in their cam- paign windups. Chief of these is the Presi- dent's intimation that the prob- lem of inflation and higher liv- ing costs - about which the Re- publicans have been trumpeting for months - is in the process of being resolved. No less intriguing to the politi- cians is Johnson's hint that he may be able to hold down non- military spending and collect sufficient revenues to avoid a tax increase. This is just what many Republicans have been advocating. While the President was talk- ing about the wage increases he said had been gained by low- income workers, the Labor De- partment came through with the word that October unemploy- ment was the lowest in eight years. For Hawks and Doves For the party's hawks' John- son had the assurance that what needs to be done in Viet Nam will be done. For the doves, he said that he though the Soviet Unionhwas just as interested in getting the war stopped as Was the United States. All this was by way of being a from Johnson in a Friday news conference which ntight - or might not - be his final public appearance before election day. He said he did not plan any further sppeeches before the Tuesday voting. But he left the door open to change his mind. Attacks Nixon The one discordant note in this symphony for all Demo- crats was Johnson's attack on Richard M. Nixon in which he suggested that the former vice president was unpatriotically fuzzing up American intentions in Viet Nam for politican pur- poses. The returns on this won't begin to come in until after Nix- on has had a chance to make a Sunday, November 6 7:00 P.M. "WINTER TERM AT TUSKEGEE" MISS MARY DELANO, Exchange Student at Tuskegee in 1966 at the PRESBYTERIAN CAMPUS CENTER 1432 Woshtenaw (50c) Supper at 6:00 Call reservations: 662-3580 or 665-6575 All Students Welcome Nixon Reaction However, Johnson apparently assured Nixon of 'a viewing au- dience much larger than the 1960 GOP presidential nominee has been able to attract in all of his campaigning for Republican cahdidates this year. How Nixon handles himself will do much to determine the public's assessment of John- son's excursion into personal- ities in what the former vice president immediately de- scribed as a "shocking display full reply on television and today. radio CINEMA II i ,----- '----- - -dam --- r _ ..._ nnn of temper." In his immediate reaction, Nixon returned the soft answer. He praised Johnson as "proba- bly the hardest working presi- dent of this century." But he managed to make it clear that he diddnot think Johnson had answered any of a series of questions Nixon had posed about Viet Nam. Those questions now seem likely to get more public atten- tion in the final campaign hours than if the President had just passed the matter off with some brief comment that omitted ref- erence to Nixon by name. U bers have paid or pledgedt23 consist of nore than 1,000 men- 338,324 in such contributions. intervened and battled the Red France and the Soviet Union Guards, the newspaper said. More have been waiting for the finan- cial committee to report and the assembly to approve the report. The United States has been wait- ing till they come through. U.N. books show the Soviet Union, 10 other Communist coun- tries and France owing more than $100 milllion in disputed peace- keeping assessments. France is charged with more than $17 mil- lion and the Soviet Union with more than $62 million France has never helped pay for the now defunct U.N. force in the Congo. The Soviet Union has never helped pay for either that or the continuing U.N. force in the Middle East. 'than 200 teenagers were killed or wounded in the fight while the army unit suffered seven injured, the paper said. Chinese Communist leaders have ordered Red Guard organizations removed from industries to pre- vent production slowdowns, Jap- anese correspondents r e p o r t e d from Peking yesterday. 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