TUESDAY JANUARY 24, 1967 THE MICHIGAN DAILY lpAr-4r frulowla TUESDAY JANUARY 24, 1967 THE MICHIGAN DAILY Y~ A a'. ~ VAIUL THULE i China EDITOR'S NOTE: What is going on in China and what is the out- look? William L. Ryan, an AP spe- cialist on Communist affairs, seeks to answer these and other ques- tions in ta series of five articles this week, of 'which this is the .irst. By WILLIAM L. RYAN AP Special Correspondent The 400-year-old ghost of Hai Jui returned to haunt Mao Tse- tung and frightened him into launching the gigantic struggle that grips Communist China to- day. The confusing and dangerous upheaval is traced by Chinese in the West to June 1959, and the publication of an essay called "Hal Jui's Scolding of the Em- peror," made into a play two years later with the title of "Hai Jui's Dismissal." When the essay and play ap- peared, says Dr. C. Y. Cheng, head of the University's Department of Trouble Traced to SymbolicAnti-IaoPlay Chinese Studies, every Chinese in-" tellectual and many nonintellec- tuals immediately recognized the symbolism. Hai Jui, in the Chinese Mind, stands for righteousness and just- ice. In this case, he stood for Peng Teh-huai, whom Mao dismissed as defense minister because Peng op- posed the "great leap forward" launched in March 1958. The "leap" was supposed to transform China within three years into a mighty economic power-by regimenting the half- billion peasants in "people's com- munes" and by putting urban workers into military of red smelters. The "leap" was headed for debacle even in its early stages. The work was a protest against Mao. Even as far back as 1958, the big struggle had begun. Mao's position had been considerably weakened late that year by op- position to his policies. His op- ponents included his old comrade- in-arms, long an heir apparent, Lia Shao-chi. It now develops, from what is being disclosed in the internal propaganda war in Peking, that Mao was shoved aside as chair- man of government, the equiva- lent of president, and retained only his party chairmanship. Liu took the presidency. Today's Red Guards wall newspapers claim Mao left the job against his will. Dr. Chetig says that probably is correct. This is not the first power struggle in China, nor by any means the first big purge. There have been purges every few years. The first important convulsion camse in 1954: the Kao-Jao purge. Kao Kang was a powerful man. Party secretary and boss of in- dustrial Manchuria, he had vaul- ting ambitions. With his ally, Jao Shu-shih, he built a political ma- chine and began to make demands. He had his' eye on nothing less than party secretary-general or else Chou Enlai's premiership. Chou, Liu and General Secre- tary Teng Hsiao-ping ganged up on Kao. They had him named chairman of a state planning com- mission and his ally. Jao, a func- tioary in the Central Committee. This separated the two and broke up the combine. Mao-as he would several times in deep crisis later on- disappear- ed from view in Peking and there was speculation abroad that he was ill. He wasn't. He was hiding out in Shanghai, waiting for the dust to clear in Peking. Mean- while, his supporters in the Cen- tral Committee accused Kao and Jao of activities against the Com- munist party, and expelled them.' Kao committed suicide. Jao went to prison. Mao's-worries about his leader- ship led him in 1957 to the "hun- dred flowers" experiment. "Let a hundred flowers bloom, let a thousand schools of thought contend," he proclaimed, suggest- ing that criticism was welcome. The alleged "rightists" who had from intellectuals who spoke up against Mao's policies. The flow- ers didn't bloom for long, The opposition had thrust out its neck. Mao suddenly announced a new "rectification" campaign. The aleged "rightists" who had been discontent found themselves purged and out of jobs. China now was entering a crit- ical period in its relations with the Soviet Union. Khrushchev, in October 1957, had promised Mao a prototype sample of the atom, bomb and data on how to manu- facture it. But he dragged his feet. In November 1957, Mao and Marshal Peng, his defense min- ister, traveled to Moscow to prod Khurshchev. It became clear the Soviet chief had changed his mind. Mao was furious. Defense Minister Peng, who had loyally supported Mao at critical moments, evidently opposed the idea of getting into a verbal Don- nybrook with the Russians. As a professional soldier, he saw the U.S.S.R. as the only source of wherewithal for China's ascent to the status of major world power. As Hai Jui had challenged the emperor 400 years before, now Peng challenged the master of the party. Mao, despite other differ- ences with members of his Polit- buro, still had plenty of authority. He turned for help to the satur- nine military strategist, Marshal Lin Piao. In April 1959, 'Mao fired Peng as defense minister and ap- pointed Lin in his place. Lin even- tually would become Mao's favor- ite, the chief evangelist of "Mao Tse-tung's thinking." But a new phase, which began in 1961, was even more serious. Now two camps were forming, and the republication of the essay as a drama was, in effect, a demand that Marshal Peng be reinstated as defense minister. Essayist Wu Han, with the pro- tection of his chief, Peng Chen, and the Peking city -party com- mittee, produced the play which presented Hal Jui-and thus Peng Teh-huai-as the one who "re- dressed the grievances of the peo- ple." Implicitly, the play was an in- dictment of Mao and praise for those purged for opposing him. By now, it seemed likely that Pres- ident Liu and Peking's Mayor Peng Chen were allies. They seemed to have firm control of the party apparatus, the party-dom- inated trade unions of which Liu had been an architect, and the eight-million-strong Young Com- munist League, which Peng had built and directed over the years. A rival group appeared to be headed by Premier Chou, Chen Yi, vice premier and foreign min- ister, and their government ap- paratus. From all appearances, the party general secretary, Teng Hsiao-ping, tried to stay neutral. At this stage, Lin Piao appeared a balancing force in the middle. For two years, there seemed to be an uneasy truce between the two contending camps. Then the dam broke. Next: A look backward. I Call Up Pro ao Army; Rusk Asks SPECIAL MESSAGE: Approval of Johnson Proposes Increase New Treaty In Social Security Payments Seizes Control of Suburb Report New Clash South Of' Peking Chinese Wall Posters Say Rebels Gathering Forces. in Manchuria ,,TOKYO (m) - Chairman Mao Tse-tung's leadership was report- ed yesterday to have- called the army into action for the first time to stamp out growing rebellion. As a first act, soldiers were said to have seized control of Fangshan, a rebellious suburb of Peking. But Japanese press reports said wall posters told of- "reactionaries" assembling 60,000 in Manchuria to fight pro-Mao forces converging on the Manchurian industrial city of Changchun; These accounts sgid 40 Maoists were injured in clashes with workers and students in Changchun; Chinese arriving in Hong Kong from Canton said Mao's opponents were collecting weapons and form- ing an army of peasants and work- ers in Kwangtung Province, fol- lowing reports of the success of a similar army in neighboring Kiangsi Province. Wall posters said clashes oc- curred in Fangshan over the week- end and in Tientsin, 100 miles southeast of Peking, and Paoting, 80 miles southwest of the Red Chinese capital. In an effort to divest President Liu Shao-chi and his anti-Mao backers of any semblance of con- trol in Peking, other wall posters announced creation of a govern- ment of workers, peasants, sol- diers, students and teachers in the capital. Japanese correspondents said wall posters announced that Pre- mier Chou En-lai in an address at a rally announced the calling up. of the, army to suppress op- position to Mao's proletarian cul- tural revolution, as the current purge in Red China's power strug- gle is called. "The people's liberation army is the most important tool of the dictatorship of the' proletariat," Chou said. "It will resolutely sup- press the handful of counter-revo- lutionary elements who are trying to destroy the great proletarian cultural revolution." Bulletins by the militant teen- age Red Guards said soldiers then moved into Fangshan and seized control of the Communist party's county headquarters and the sec- urity bureau. 14A handful of counterrevolu- tionary elements clinging to the bourgeois reactionary line arrested several hundred revolutionaries and subjected themto Fascist tor- ture," the wall poster said. China watchers in Hong Kong said, however, that the "army" supposedly being formed against Mao in the southern province of Kwangtung probably was no more than a group armed with clubs and weapons fashioned from farm and factory tools. * * * * * * MEET WITH THOMPSON Soviets Say Viet War Blocks Improved Relations with U.S. MOSCOW (W)-President Nikolai V. Podgorny told the new U.S. ambassador, Llewellyn E. Thomp- son, yesterday that Vietnam stands -in the way of improving U.S.-Soviet relations. It was Thompson's first meeting with the Soviet leader since his arrival here Jan. 11. He presented his credentials as successor to Foy D. Kohler, who returned to Wash- ington to become the No. 4 man in the State Department. 'The new ambassador said Pres- ident Johnson had instructed him to tell the Soviet president that Johnson is ready to cooperate on problems facing the two na- tions. Depends on U.S. "It depends upon the policy of the United States whether this proves possible," Podgorny re- plied. The Soviet president accused the United States of causing a "serious deterioration of the inter- national situation" with its in- volvement in Vietnam. He said this involvement rep- resents a "flouting" of what he called the "indivisibility of peace" Baker Testifies Johnson Reprimanded Moonlighting and disrespect for the sovereign rights of a people. "The speediest ending of the war in Vietnam, the granting to the Vietnamese people of a pos- sibility to determine its i destiny without foreign interference, would greatly facilitate the improvement of the international atmosphere," Podgorny told Thompson. Reappointment Thompson, 61, served as ambas- sador in Moscow from 1957 to 1962. His reappointment has been widely regarded as an attempt by Johnson to start a thaw in U.S.- Soviet relations chilled by Viet- nam. The U.S. ambassador did not mention Vietnam in his speech at the Kremlin ceremony but made an offer to cooperation with the Soviet Union in solving some ur- gent world problems. An American spokesman said Podgorny and Thompson had a "substantive" exchange after the credentials presentation during an hour-long meeting. But details, such as whether Vietnam was discussed, were not disclosed. Johnson Message Thompson did not give Podgor- ny the message he brought here from President Johnson. This in- dicated it is meant for Premier Alexei N. Kosygin, who is expected to receive the ambassador later. Thompson did go over some points in Johnson's message, a U.S. spokesman said. It is under- stood to be aimed mainly at stop- ping a Soviet-American race in building antiballistic missile de- fenses. Hoover Agrees To Soviet Consul Here: New Spies No Peril WASHINGTON (A)-FBI Direc- tor J. Edgar Hoover told a Sen- ate committee yesterday that Soviet consulates in this country diplomatic missions. But he said Soviet consulats in this country would present no problem his men are incapable of handling. Secretary of State Dean Rusk agreed the FBI "can cope with a few more" Communist diplo- matic missions even if espionage agents are assigned to a consulate that might be opened in the Unit- ed States. More to the point, Rusk told the Senate Foreign Relations Commit- tee, a long-pending consular treaty should be approved because it would provide new protection for Americans now traveling in the Soviet Union at the rate of 18,000 year. Prompt Protection Specifically, he said, added U.S. consular representation in the Soviet Union would "permit the United States promptly to protect and assist its citizens when they are arrested and detained in the Soviet Union." "I do not see how this consular convention can add significantly to the risk of espionage," Rusk testified.i And Sen. Claiborne Pell (D- R.I.), said espionage is a two- way street and the Central Intel- ligence Agency's work might be made easier by added consular representation in the Soviet Union. In the spying business, "What's food for the goose is food for the gander," Pell said. Hoover declined to testify in person at the committee's hearing on the convention approved in 1964 and first submitted to the Senate in 1965. But he made his views available in a letter Sen. Karl E. Mundt (R-S.D.), gave to the committee and used as a basis for opposing the pact. Hoover insisted he isnot trying to block Senate approval of the treaty that would open the way for an exchange of consulates by the United States and the Soviet Union. No Position He said he is taking no position on whether the Senate should ratify the treaty but his words were seized as ammunition by foes of theilong-shelved agreement. In his letter to Mundt, Hoover said he never has implied that the consular agreement "would impose any additional burden of responsibility upon the FBI that we are incapable of handling." But Hoover did say it would make his agency's security work harder." WASHINGTON (P) - President Johnson proposed yesterday the biggest increase' in Spcial Security benefits in 30 years. He said it would take 1.4 million older Amer- icans out of poverty this year. But the President's proposals sent to Congress in a special message, include increases in So- cial Security taxes that would Nicaraguan Uprising Dies After 24 Hours double by 1974 the amount de- ducted from paychecks. The scope of the proposed bene- fit increases, ranging from at least 15. per cent for all recipients to 59 per cent for the 2.5 million re- ceiving minimum benefits, was outlined earlier in Johnson's Jan. 10 State of the Union message. Paying Price Yesterday, he spelled out the WASHINGTON (AP) - Bobby Baker testified yesterday he was' "reprimanded and cautioned" by then Sen. Lyndon B. Johnson in 1960 not to practice law while in his government position. "I was in essence moonlighting or sundowning, whatever you call it," Baker told U.S. District Court jury, He added "I was doing it contrary to instructions" from Johnson., Baker then was secretary to the Senate Democratic majority and Johnson, now President, was a Democratic senator from Texas and majority leader of the Senate. Baker did not use Johnson's name, saying only "the majority leader in 1960." Third Day On the stand for the third day in his trial on charges of income tax evasion, fraud and conspiracy, Baker told of arrangements to as- sociate himself with another man, a member of the District of Co- lumbia bar, "in my transactions." The government's charges in- volve the alleged payment of fees by various firms to Baker through checks made to Wayne L. Brom- ley, a former close friend and as- sociate to Baker. The government charges also that Baker kept about $80,000 of some $100,000 raised by California savings and loan executives for political campaigns in 1962. Transferred Funds Baker testified last week that he transferred the money, in cash in brown manila envelopes, to the late Sen. Robert S. Kerr (D-Okla.) on three separate occasions. Government prosecutor William 0. Bittman asked Baker yesterday if no one else was present on those occasions. Baker said that was correct. "And the only one alive today to tell that story is you, yourself," Bittman said, "That is correct," Baker replied. Kerr died Jap. 1, 1963, after suffering a heart attack. Bromley Arrangement The arrangement with Bromley involved some $24,500 in fees paid by five firms in 1963-64. The checks were sent to Bromley, a member of the District of Colum- bia bar. Baker said he was not licensed to practice in the district and "I always associated myself, with a member of the district bar in my transactions." Before Bromley, Baker said he had associated with attorney Er- nest C. Tucker in transactions. Baker said he reported the 1963- 1964 fees on his income tax re- turns, and so did Bromley. Baker said he did not willfully attempt 'to evade any taxes in those years. price which would be paid both by extending the amount of in- come on which Social Security taxes are levied and by raising the tax rate. Currently, Social Security taxes, including medicare, amount to 4.4. per cent of icome up to $6.600 a year, for an annual total of $290.40 for an individual re- ceiving that much pay. Johnson proposes that the tax- able base be raised next year to $7,800, which would lift the maxi- mum tax to $343.20. The tax rate, which had been scheduled to climb to 4.9 per centin 1969, would go instead to 5 per cent, for a maxi- mum of $390,000. Increase Tax Base The President's message calls also for further increases in the taxable base to $9,000 in 1971 and $10,800 in 1974, and for an in- crease in the rate to 5.55 per cent , in 1973. Estimates are, however, that the increase in the taxable base would affect only about 22 per cent of those paying Social Security taxes next year, and about 13, per cent when the 1974 increase is made. MANAGUA, Nicaragua (A) - After a night of rioting, political foes of the Somoza machine bar- ricaded themselves inside the Gran Hotel yesterday and seized 20 North American guests as host- age, the government reported. A State Department spokesman said in answer to the reports that Americans were being held that that the United States has no intention of becoming involved in the internal affairs of Nicaragua. "The maintenance of law and order there and the conductof free and democratic elections are the responsibility of the Nicara- guan government," the spokesman said. Two tanks that had opened up at the hotel earlier withheld their fire while negotiations went on between the opposition and the government through an interme- diary. Troops surrounded the hotel, which covers a city block. A U.S. Embassy employe was allowed to pass through the bar- ricade of beds and mattresses placed in the main hotel entrance. He reported that all the Amer- icans are well. He said they are tourists and businessmen. Gunfire swept the streets most of the night and into the morning. Red Cross units reported picking up 12 bodies and more than 30 wounded. The government said three soldiers were among the dead and 13 were wounded. The trouble began Sunday night, at adpolitical rally conducted .by Fernando Aguero, the Conserv- ative party candidate who opposes Gen. Anastasio Somoza Jr., an heir to Latin America's oldest political dynasty, Somoza is a presidential candidate of the rul- ing Nationalist Liberal party. Aguero called fora general strike to "demand electoral guarantees" for the voting Feb. 5. After the rally, street fighting broke out between Aguero's supporters and guardsmen. Aguero called for a general strike dinator, Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, took refuge in the hotel along with what one source said were about 50 followers. Early in the day, troops called on the rebels in the hotel to give up, guaranteeing they would get fair treatment. The government said Aguero would be guaranteed safety to talk with President Lor- enzo Guerrero. It added that Aguero had rejected the offer. Seek To Prove Racial Bias In Negro RapeConvictions LITTLE ROCK, Ark. (AP)-At- torney George Howard Jr. said yesterday the record will prove the Arkansas death penalty is ad- ministered disproportionately to Negroes convicted of raping white women. "We thought we proved this in the U.S. District Court," Howard said. "But the judge didn't agree." Howard, attorney for William L. Maxwell Jr., a Negro under death sentence for rape, will get another chance to prove his case, this time before the 8th Circuit Court of Appeals at St, Louis. The U.S. Supreme Court Mon- day ordered the St. Louis court' to hear Howard's appeal from the District Court decision. Good News "It's good news," Howard said when he was advised of the Su- preme Court ruling. "As far as I know this will be the first time an appeals court has dealt with this issue." Atty. Gen. Joe Purcell, whose office will handle the state's case on the appeal, said he would not comment until he has seen the Supreme Court decision. Purcell, who took office Jan. 10, is new to the Maxwell case. Appeals until now have been handled by the staff of former Atty. Gen. Bruce Bennett, Record Clear Howard, a Negro retained in Maxwell's behalf by the legal de- fense and educational fund of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, said that the record of rape cases in Arkansas "clearly shows that the death penalty has been given to Negroes with disproportionate frequency when you consider other rape charges involving white men charged with raping white or Negro women, or, Negro men charged with raping .N e g r o women." The Supreme Court ruling could affect four other Negroes, who with Maxwell are on death ror as the result of rape convictions. Eleven of the 12 men condemned in Arkansas are Negroes. The other six are under sentence for murder, as is the one white man. world News Roundup By The Associated Press CHRISTCHURCH, New Zealand -Premier Nguyen Cao Ky of South Vietnam ran into a rash of demonstrations on his arrival in New Zealand yesterday but re- mained unruffled, except once, at an airport news conference. A reporter asked the premier to comment on a statement by Sen. J. W. Fulbright (D-Ark) that the United States should replace Ky if he refuses to negotiate with the Viet Cong. "I am no puppet of the United States or anyone else," Ky replied angrily. "That is my answer to Mr. Fulbright. He is a colonialist." After the news conference, Ky went outside and began shaking hands with a crowd of about 700 persons, mostly, women and chil- dren. Then his motorcade moved off to Town Hall, ignoring about 150 airport demonstrators waving placards saying "Ky not welcome here" and "We condemn bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong." RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil-The death toll passed 100 Monday night in disastrous floods around Rio de Janeiro. Hundreds of others were reported missing, and one police estimates said as many as 500 might have.perished. I1 LUNCH-DISCUSSION TUESDAY, January 24, 12:00 Noon U.M. International Center f. f' k ftL: r} Ij{K C: :'.E y E,; Nf. UAC union league LABOR DAY WEEKEND Petitioning for CENTRAL COMMITTEE SUBJECT: "WHAT IS THE UNIVERSITY CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT?" SPEAKER: MR. HENRY BUCHER Field Staff Representative, University Christian Movement For reservations, call 662-5529 - Sponsored by the Ecumenical Campus Center IIS TOMORROW!1 ARTS CHORALE Maynard Klein Conductor U of M CENTRAL CAMPUS CHOIR Now in rehearsal for performance of: MOZART MASS IN C MINOR & BERLIOZ REQUIEM Interested singers who would like to be a part of these major performances are invited to listen and audition at time of rehearsals: TUESDAY & THURSDAY 3:00-4:30, AUD. C I HOUR CREDIT-MALE SINGERS ESPECIALLY WELCOME!