THURSDAY, APRIL 14, 1966 THE MICHIGAN DAII v N Legal Pressure Brings Change in South's ii PAGE THREU istice I EDITOR'S NOTE' - Civil rights leaders have urged a change in the method of select- ing juries because of complAints of "all-white justice" in the South. Here is a report on the situation. ATLANTA, Ga. () - A trend apparently has begun to place more Negroes on juries in the South under the pressure of ap- pellate court rulings and a move for congressional action dealing with jury selection. There are, in fact, systematic efforts in some areas to include Negroes on juries, particularly those trying racial cases. Nowhere has the change been more dramatically evidenced than in the little town of Ellaville, Ga., which recently had its first jury case in five years and its first murder trial in 20 years--and the first Negro jurors in anyone's memory. Two Negro brothers, 15 and 19, were charged with the murder of a white policeman last November. After lawyers went through the jury panel, a jury of 11 Negroes and one white man had been picked. The trial of the younger brother resulted in a six-year sen- tence for voluntary manslaughter, and the older brother got the same sentence when he pleaded guilty. How did a predominantly Negro jury turn up in Schley County? Sheriff W. M. Ellis said: "You just have to abide by the law." He said the jury list was taken from the tax rolls and that was it. But the list was revised two weeks before the trial. C. B. King, Albany, Ga., a Ne- gro, who for 11 years has been fighting exclusion of Negroes from juries in southwest Georgia, de- fended two Negroes for the slay- ing of a white man in Americus, Ga. A jury with two Negroes on it returned a verdict of life im- prisonment for the first defend- ant, who admitted firing into a crowd, and the other Negro drew five years on a guilty plea to a lesser charge. The Negroes on the jury meant the difference between a life sen- tence and the Georgia electric chair, said King, who also defend- ed the brothers in the Ellaville case. Almost at the same time, a fed- eral court jury in southeast Geor- gia was returning a verdict in a nonracial case involving moon- shine liquor. There were two Ne- groes on the jury. Negroes have served on juries for years in that but last year there were on the state court juries. "Politics definitely are it," one man said. The Negro vote has its effect+ commissioners. federal county, Negroes part of growing on jury Mississippi's Supreme Court has been reversing convictions of Ne- groes in criminal cases because of systematic exclusion of Negroes from juries. Since the state law limits jury duty to men voters, most Negroes were excluded prior to enactment of the federal vot- ing rights law. A three-judge federal court in February directed the jury com- mission of Lowndes County, Ala- bama, tormake up a new jury list without regard to race. The court also invalidated the Alabama pro- hibition to women jurors. A definite increase in Negro jurors has occurred in South Car- olina during recent years, says attorney Lincoln C. Jenkins of Co- lumbia, a Negro Jenkins said this results from more eligible Negro voters and in- tentional inclusion of Negroes in jury boxes, plus the decision of prosecutors to leave Negroes on juries more often. Repeated reversals, like the Mis- sissippi decisions, result in prose- cutors seeking integrated juries. And sometimes it is to the prose- cution's advantage. "Negroes," said Jenkins, "are just like everybody else. They can be just as impartial or just as prejudiced." He said prosecutors often want Negro jurors in trying Negro de- fendants because the result often will be a stiffer sentence than would be given by all-white juries. A fury of 11 white men auid a Negro man returned a federal The trend is noticeable in Geor- gia, South Carolina, Arkansas, Mississippi and Virginia, an Asso- ciated Press survey shows. The De- partment of Justice has moved in- to the courts to force the inclu- sion of Negroes on juries in some Alabama counties. Other states re- port no significant change in the pattern of jury composition -- which includes a few Negroes. condemning a Negro to death for system already has been introduc- a bank robbery-murder. Among the factors enumerated by veteran Southern lawyers view- ing the changes: -Constant attacks on exclusion of Negroes. --Related racial changes flow- ing partly from new laws and ac- tivities of civil rights groups; the changed attitude of the federal, and in many instances state, gov- ernment; the impact upon and in- volvement of business and indus- trial growth. -Increasing political power of Negroes. -Lessening opposition to liberal views. Legislation to permit trial of civ- 11 rights cases in federal court and ed in Congress by Sen. Jacob K. Javits (R-NY) and Sen. Clifford P. Case (R-NJ). The jury selection in civil rights cases would be done from a list provided by the Cen- sus Bureau. Similar proposals have been introduced by Rep. Donald M. Fraser (D-Minn). The administration of justice in the South might well hold the key to civil rights problems, accord- ing to Dean Erwin N. Griswold of the Harvard Law School and a member of the Civil Rights Com mission. "Not until justice can truly be found close at home can it be ra- tionally expected that Negroes in the South will present their case in thecourts rather than in the Jenkins said this results from , I I court verdict in Americus, Ga., to set up a new jury selection streets," he said. Buddhists o End Boycott Frenech Demand U.S. Withdrawal of Troops OIntitutonal ong ress Saigon Radio Report Not Confirmed Demnonstrations Wil Not Be Called Off; Ky Threatens Force SAIGON ()-There was a re- port yesterday that Buddhists * would drop their boycott of the preparatory congress the govern- ment convened last Tuesday tc reconimend steps for the trans- fer of ruling powers to a civilian regime. Radio Saigon broadcast a state- ment that the Buddhist delegates would take their seats in the congress. Confirmation was lack- ing from the religious hierarchy Militant Buddhists planned a big but orderly demonstration here yesterday to emphasize their opposition to Premier Nguyen Cao 4 y's military government. Nonviolent March It was expected to take the form of a nonviolent march from the Buddhist Institute to down- town Saigon. Such a parade route would follow streets marked by a series of riot- ous outbreaks before the Bud- dhist hierarchy proclaimed itself in- over-all command of the dis- sidents and called a halt to the rowdyism and arson last Satur- day night. Ky has vowed he will move forcefully against any further demonstrations. Last week in Sai- gon, there were repeated clashes with police and troops, with open anti-American overtones. Authorities said that if the pa- rade is orderly it probably will be unhindered by the government. There have been no demonstra- tions in Saigon this week. They have continued, however, in the northern centers of Hue and Da Nang. Buddhist Demands The Buddhists are demanding steps toward a representative, ci- vilian government in "a very short time." Presumably meaning with- in two to five months. The mili- tary regime has said it has no desire to cling to power, but that it will take time to work out the orderly procedures for an election. A national preparatory con- gress called by the government went through its second day yes- terday but there was little sign that it was making any solid progress. The congress was con- vened to recommend steps toward election of a civil government. It is taking up the question of a constituent assembly that would draft a consttuton to be put to a referendum. On the opening day Tuesday, the congress was attended by only 92 delegates, about half the total asked to participate. The Bud- dhists boycotted it and there were "only two Roman Catholics present as observers. Wednesday, the congress sent a delegation to try to induce ab- sentees to attend. Speakers insisted that the con- gress should be attended by Bud- dhist and Catholic leaders if it is to. have any meaning. Some quar- ters here were said to feel there is a possibility of agreement be- tween the dissident political fac- tions, using the congress as a forum. GEN. WILLIAM C. WESTMORELAND, commander of American forces in South Viet Nam, inspects damage at Saigon's Tan Son Nhut airport following last night's mortar attack which set the oil tank in the background ablaze, killed seven U.S. servicemen and injured 108 others. Predict Giant New Aircraft Will Transform World 4iaion. Coal Miners Defy Union work Order No Sign of General Break in Strike, But Some Return to Jobs PITTSBURGH () -- Soft coal miners, disgruntled over a pro- posed contract, stayed away from the mines again yesterday in de- fiance of a union back-to-work or- der. About 53,000 miners in eight, states were off the job. Some were reported returning but there were no signs of a general break as the strike moved through its third day. Representatives of the United Mine Workers and the Bituminous Coal Operators Association met behind closed doors in Washing- ton in an effort to settle the dis- pute. The union and three independ- ent coal companies have reached agreement on a new contract call- ing for a wage hike that lifts top-rated miners to $30 a day and includes another pay raise in 1967. Dissatisfaction But miners were dissatisfied with the pact. John Hairston, 44, of Gary, W. Va., a tipple dumper for 27 years at U.S. Steel Corp.'s Gary No. 2 mine, said, "The miners down here aren't interested in a daily raise in pay so much asnmore benefits. I've worked for 27 years and only get two weeks vacation and the man with only six months exper- ience gets the same two weeks. Back to Work Miners were reported headed back to the mines in Illinois and Alabama but the strike was said to be spreading in West Virginia. About 15,000 were off In West Virginia, 13,400 in Kentucky, 10,- 650 in Pennsylvania, 4000 in Ohio, 1800 in Illinois, 2300 in Virginia, 6000 in Alabama and 239 in Colo- rado. I START YOUR T.G. EARLY!! By The Associated Press PARIS - President Charles de Gaulle said yesterday he will not wait "forever" for the United States to decide when it will pull its troops out of France the Unit- ed Press International reported. De Gaulle was quoted as saying, "I see no sense in letting inde- cision over the timetable drag on forever." Meanwhile, Britain rejected France's contention that it is im- possible to modify NATO by com- mon agreement. Rejection, The British rejection was in a note replying to the communica- tion from the French government issued on March 29 which spelled out de Gaulle's timetable for the withdrawal of French troops from NATO's commands and for the re-' moval of American bases fromi France., Similar notes were expected from other NATO nations. Opening a debate in Parliament' on President de Gaulle's foreign policy, Premier Georges Pompidou' yesterday urged a greater voice for Europe in world affairs based on a partnership between the Western and Communist halves of the continent. The premier presented this plan as a corollary to French withdraw- al from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's military command system. Opponents De Gaulle's political opponents countered with a formal motion of censure, seeking to overthrow the Pompidou cabinet. The socialist authors worded their motion carefully, with stress on the economic and social conse- quences of Gaullist policy, in a perhaps forlorn bid for Commu- nist support. The Communists thus far have applauded de Gaulle's disengagement from NATO. Arms Burden The motion's text said that the "nationalistic character" of French defense would increase.the coun- try's burden, and hamper social progress at a time of rising dis- content at the increasing cost of living, "France intends that this West- ern Europe should be the partner, and not the adversary, of East- ern Europe where the economic. social and political evolution, both among the states of that region and within these states, will bring them, we hope, every day closer to us by eliminating our differ- ences and multiplying the points of contact," Pompidou said. He denied that France was switching alliances, or renouncing its alliance with the United States but he stressed the utihty of bet- ter relations with the Soviet Un- ion. INSTANT MONEY (Just Add Work) Men needed'for a wide variety of Jobs and work locations. Your choice of Daily or Weekly Pay. Register at office nearest your home. No Fees Charged. 52 Henry 8561 E. 10 Mile Detroit Center Line 27320 Grand River -- Detroit 69 South Main - Clawson NOW! HIONDA Under 21? Don't worry, SEE US! Downtown Honda 211 E. Ann St. Ann Arbor Phone 665-8637 Use Daily Classified Ads __. I I 1 t '""''''""" 11 I-- 0 -/W a v L! - -.J . v rV v f v tom/ I&-. t NSW YORK (P)-A plane that will carry 490 passengers and 16 2 tons of baggage -and cruise nearly a mile higher than today's jets was ordered yesterday by Pan American World Airways. The new type of craft prom- ised a new era of long-distance flight and the possibility of great- ly reduced air fares by the end of the 1960's. Cost Pan Am ordered 25 of the 747's at a cost of $525 million from the Boeing Company. Deliveries will begin in Septem- ber 1969 and will be completed in May 1970. Implications of the undertaking were vast: It will spur activity in the already thriving aircraft in- dustry; stabilize aircraft employ- ment at a high level; increase in- tercontinental travel; put aircraft into competition with surface ship- ping; and lessen America's bal- ance-of-payments deficit. Different The subsonic 747 is not to be confused with the supersonic - faster than sound - aircraft on which Boeing and Lockheed Air- craft have submitted plans to the government, nor the C-5A mili- tary transport which Lockheed is developing. The 747 will have a cruising speed of 633 miles an hour, 10 per; cent faster than present-day long- range jets. It will fly at an alti- tude of 45,100 feet. Power will be supplied by a new3 JT9D fan-jet engine built by Pratt & Whitney Aircraft. Each will deliver 41,000 pounds of thrust almost twice the power of any jet engine in airline service today. Capability The 747's passenger-carrying capability-499 passengers in thrift class or 378 in mixed economy and' first class-will rival that of a, train.: The order was believed to be history's largest single corporate_ order in dollar volume for trans- portation equipment. Last year United Air Lines announced it was buying 75 jet airliners at a cost of $735 million. It also said it was taking options on 44 additional jets and leasing 25 others. The cost of the aircraft ordered, of those that would be acquired if the options were exercised and the value of the aircraft leased were said to total $750 million. b/rtierjitcj mujicai Soci et j World News Roundup INTERNATIONAL PRESENTATIONS 1966-67 CHORAL UNION SERIES CHICAGO SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA ...... ...................Saturday, October 8 JEAN MARTINSON, Conductor GUIOMAR NOVAES, Pianist .......................:....Wednesday, October 12 TORONTO SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA ...................,..Thursday, November 3 SEIJI OZAWA, Conductor AMERICAN BALLET THEATRE.........................Thursday, November 17 THE CONSUL (Menotti) N.Y. CITY OPERA COMPANY .... (8:00) Sunday, November 20 DETROIT SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA....................(2:30) Sunday, January 8 SIXTEN EHRLING, Conductor WINNIPEG BALLET COMPANY .......................... . . Saturday, February 4 SHIRLEY VERRETT, Mezzo-soprano ....... ................... Monday, March 13 STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY CHORUS ..... .... . ............. Thursday, April 6 BOSTON SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA ............ .......... . ... . Saturday, April 8 Season Tickets: $25.00-$20.00-$17.00-$14.00-$12.00 EXTRA SERIES NATIONAL ORCHESTRA OF BELGIUM ... . .... . . ........Wednesday, October 19 ANDRE CLUYTENS, Conductor EMIL GILELS, Pianist ....... ................. . ....Tuesday, November 8 TOSCA (Puccini) N.Y. CITY OPERA COMPANY . . ......(2:30) Sunday, November 20 MINNEAPOLIS SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA..............(2:30) Sunday, Febroary 26 STANISLAW SKROWACZEWSKI, Cnoductor JOSE GRECO AND SPANISH DANCE COMPANY ...... . . ... Wednesday,} March 8 Season Tickets: $12.50--$10.00--$8.50-$7.00-$6.00 By The Associated Press MEXICO CITY-Mexico read- ied a welcome with all the trap- pings of state for President John- son when he arrives today. While the 24-hour visit has been characterized as informal, Mexican officials planned a 21-gun salute at Mexico City's Interna- tional Airport. President Gustavo Diaz Ordaz, flanked by all mem- bers of his cabinet, will be on hand. SAIGON - Avalanches blasted into Mu Gia Pass yesterday by the first B-52 raid on North Viet Nam have stoppered that Red sup- ply line, the U.S. Air Force re- ports. This could mean a sharp drop for a while at least in Ho Chi Minh Trail traffic. * * * WASHINGTON-The Social Se- curity Administration said yester- day that failure to fill out the loyalty oath section on the medi- care application will not by itself disqualify elderly persons from benefits under the new program. Tonight The Kingsmen at Mother's 223 E. Ann wommoffalm" . . i MAYNARD KLEIN Conducting ARX3TS CHORALE CINEMA II celebrates THE END OF CLASSES with FRANCE'S GREATEST CRIME THRILLER JULES DASSIN'S ENGLISH SOUND TRACK . .. - . . r, I 11 CHAMBER ARTS S ER IE S MOZART.. . Requient HAYDN... "Lord Nelson" Mass BRAHMS. . ."Nachtwache" i FRIDAY 8:30 CHAMBER ORCHESTRA OF PHILADLPHIA .................Saturday, September 24 ANSHEL BRUSILOW, Conductor MOSCOW CHAMBER ORCHESTRA ........... ..........Saturday, October 22 RUDOLF BARSHAI, Conductor CHRISTIAN FERRAS, Violinist...........................Monday, November 14 ANDRES SEGOVIA, Guitarist............................Monday, January 9 MUSIC FROM MARLBORO (Instrumental Chamber Music) ........Monday, January 30 JACQUELINE DU PRE, Cellist, and STEPHEN BISHOP, Pianist .......................... Monday, March 20 BOSTON SYMPHONY CHAMBER PLAYERS..................(2:30) Sunday, April 9 Season Tickets: $18.00-$15.00-S12.00 Hill Auditorium Admission Free I .9 I SUMMER JOBS I I ! - A r iA kr~ s 1 k ., I II , I i U II 1 i c I