NEED CONCERN )R AVERAGE CHILD See Page 2 Seventieth Year of Editorial Freedom :43 a4hr ti CLOUDY, WARM High-83 Low-65 Possible showers this morning, with later cooling. LXX, No. 16. ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, WEDNESDAY, JULY 13, 1960 FIVE CENTS FOUR PAGES .S. L ashes Bac at Russian Spy Plane Charges Says Craft Downed Outside Red Border Warns Russia Not To Repeat Acts; Reserves Right To Ask Damages By The Associated Press The United States yesterday lashed back at Russian charges the RB-47 bomber shot down July 1 was on a spy mission. In warning the Soviet government, the United States asserted Russian planes shot down the reconnaissance bomber over interna- tional waters, at least 30 miles from Soviet territory. It demanded the release of the two Air Force officers being held by the Soviets. In the note, delivered in Moscow last night, it issued this warn- ing: "It should be clear to the Soviet government that repetition of acts of this nature cannot fail to have the most serious consequences, responsibility for which would rest on the Soviet government alone." 4The United States also reserved * * * * * * * * * .Sex ton Cites, 'crucial Role' Of Teachers' By ANDREW HAWLEY "There can be no question that teachers will play a crucial role in this country's destiny," Brendon Sexten of the United Auto Work- ers said yesterday. Speaking before the thirty-first annual Summer Education Con- ference, Sexton, who is currently UAW coordinator of educational organizations, said labor unions have significantly influenced the development of public education in the United States. Although we have made educa- tional opportunities available on a far greater scale than any other country, schools have sickened and declined in spite of growing pros- perity, he said. Sexton cited the evidence of the 1950 census which showed 9.6 mil- lion illiterates over the age of 25. 'Engaged in a Race' "We are engaged in a race be- tween education and catastrophe," he said. He deplored the over-emphasis of the need for scientists and tech- nicians, saying intelligent workers in the political and social sciences are equally necessary to adapt society to the changing needs and equipment of its members. He also warned against plan- ning education to meet the needs of economic and military competi- tion with Russia, rather than to benefit the American school child. Urges Rejection Sexton urged rejection of all proposals to deal with the prob- lem of education in a restricted manner, "New York City has an extensive program for the gifted, but the majority of its children cannot read," he said. We should be cautious about making the gifted children an elite, he continued, because our standards of "giftedness" are in- accuraet and arbitrary. Selection is based on Intelligent Quotient, or IQ, which is not synonymous with intelligence. Selection for advanced training based on family income would be more honest, he suggested, since it is the child from an upper- income family who is given the best training from an early age, ad who will stay in school longer. Child Caught "The child in a lower-income family Is caught in a down-spiral of educational neglect," Sexton said. The parent usually will do for his child what his parents did for him. Support for a program to im- prove the ability of children to manipulate Words and dates, as well as programs to benefit chil- dren who because of family back- ground already have such ability, is necessary if we wish to main- tain out democratic principles, he said. An informed electorate is necessary for a democratic society. Besides the effect on the chil- dren themselves, economic and social waste are also a collective result of educational discrimina- tion, Sexton said. We have a choice to accept the political weight of our professional responsibility toward all of our children. Ro efeller Sees threat the right to demand full compen- sation from the USSR for shooting down the plane. International Incident Delivery of the diplomatic warn- ing came some hours after White House press secretary James C. Hagerty, on President Dwight D. Eisenhower's behalf, characterized the destruction of the aircraft as a deliberate and reckless attempt to create an international inci- dent. The United States told the Soviet government that the plane was on an entirely legitimate mis- sion over international waters. It said the mission was one of a series of electro-magnetic research flights well-known to the Soviet government to have taken place over a period of more than ten years. Rejects Charge Thus Washington rejected Mos- cow's charge and the protest note of Monday that the plane was on an espionage mission heading in the direction of the Soviet port of Archangel. In its formal note, the United States also: 1) Demanded a representative of the United States embassy be allowed to see without delay the two Air Force officers Russia is holding. Cynical Failure 2) Rejected Soviet protests again and decried the cynical failure of the Soviet government to disclose for 11 days what it knew of the plane's fate. 3) Offered to undertake in co- operation with the Soviet govern- ment and perhaps others, a thorough search for the downed plane and the three missing crew members. This appeared to be a challenge to the Russians to join in finding out just where the air- craft went down. 4) Scored the Russian claim that our RB-47 flight was linked to the U2 incident of May in a pat- tern of espionage, saying these flights were, as must be known to the Soviet government, of an en- tirely different character. 5) Accused the USSR of wilful misrepresentation and misstate- ment of fact in its protest note of Monday. U.S. ACTS: Refuses Congo 's Alid .Plea WASHINGTON (P)-The United States swiftly turned down yester- day a Congo plea that American troops be rushed to the revolt- torn African republic to help re- store order. But top officials reluctantly kept the door open for the possibility that American troops might be sent to the newly-created nation as part of a United Nations force if one is agreed on. These authorities showed little enthusiasm for involving United States forces even in a limited UN role in the African crisis. The administration attitude appeared to be that the Congo's African neighbors could better provide any necessary troops. Responsible offi- cials reported the decision to avoid Ike's View NEWPORT UP)- The White House said yesterday President Dwight D. Eisenhower feels that any troops needed to re- store order in the riot-ridden Congo should be provided by countries other than the United States. The President and Secretary of State Christian A. Herter also feel, White House press secretary James C. Hagerty told a news conference, that "it would be better for the Congo" if troops were not sent there "from any of the large Western nations." single-handed action within two hours after the state department officially confirmed that the 13- day-old Congo government had appealed for American troops. Urgently Requested A Belgian cabinet minister in Leopoldville reported that 3,000 American troops had been urgent- ly requested to join Belgian and loyal Congolese troops. This development forced Secre- tary of State Christian A. Herter to a last-moment cancellation of a scheduled trip to Canada for defense and foreign policy talks with Canadian leaders. Herter stayed at his desk instead of giv- ing full attention to the Congo problem. Officially, the state department disclosed only that the Congo re- gime formally appealed this morn- ing for American troop aid. Vigorously Denied A department spokesman vigor- ously denied that Clare H. Tim- berlake, United States ambassador to the Congo, had agreed in prin- ciple that the American troops would be dispatched. Timberlake promised only, said the spokes- man, to transmit the Congo ap- peal to Washington. Platf or-m Sa Kennedy Nears Total For Victory Senator Needs 20 Votes for Triumph By The Associated Press- Sen. John F. Kennedy of Massa- chusetts moved within 20 votes< tonight of the 761-vote majority needed to win the Democratic presidential nomination. On the eve of the actual ballot- ing, an Associated Press tabula- tion showed Kennedy had 743 votes. CHALLENGERS MEET The Kennedy drive toward the Democratic s top continued despite a momen- tary faltering earlier yesterday CONVENTION when the California delegation gave him less than% a majority of its 81 votes. i n y d n o Totals showed Kennedy now Paty has 743 votes, Sen. Lyndon B. Johnson, 335, Sen. Stuart Symin- ton, 97, and Adlai E. Stevenson, By THOMAS HAYD] 73. Special to The Daily The California delegation denied1 LOS ANGELES-Many Kennedy the big majority he crats here admit Richary needed - and expected -- from has made one importantr that 81-vote lineup for on-the- ment in his eight years in record assurance of the nomina- menhset earsbin tion. he has created a public im Breaking up its coalition behind f the importance of t favorite son Gov. Edmund G. nPresidency (Pat) Brown, California's delega-h In doing so, he may hav tion gave Kennedy 30%/ votes and the Democrats - and spe pushed his total to 736 on the eve John Kennedy - to veer f of the nominating session. (Ken- unknowns in their selectio nedy later added nine more votes.) nominee for the number t But that left him still shy of the on the November ticket. needed 761. Given the possible non Ineee 761. s m of Henry Cabot Lodge as In a group of 951/2 still com- ! publican Vice-Presidential mitted to others were 21 Kansas date, the Democrats are votes which Gov. George Docking, for a public figure of eq the favorite son, was trying t ortanc shove to Kennedy. portance. So far, the main pos There still were 150 uncom- have been difficult to acq mitted votes. oil Civil Democrats Adopt -A -Sens. John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, front-runners at pres weepstakes, met yesterday for a debate before the Texas delegation. CLOSEUP-:* Strong Rights 4 Turn Down r ,From South, Convention Accepts Policy Statements As Campaign Basis LOS ANGELES (A-By a roar- ing voice vote, the Democratic national convention last night voted down a 10-state Southern attempt to kill the civil rights plank in the party platform. It went on the endorse a plat- P wlrephoto form demanding a buildup in na- sent in the tional "military, political, eco- nomic and moral" strength. Gov. Leroy Collins of Florida, the convention chairman, got al- most as many noes as yeas in the voice vote on the platform. In- deed, it seemed as if the noes Imight be the louder. But Collins didn't hesitate. He ruled the platform was adopted. There were cheers and catcalls leclared for from the audience, and some- where far back someone blew a aan, Minne- blast on a trumpet. ert Humph- Always Comes Up aling to la- The convention spent more than the farmer, an hour wrangling over civil Southerners. rights - an issue that always fling comes up when the Democratic The senator platform is under consideration. to actively But this time the fight was not , since one nearly as hard nor nearly as dra,- ight kill his matic as Southern flare-ups In in the Sen- the past. :umphrey is When Gov. Leroy Collins of Re u ther s Florida, the convention chairman, ig beenthe asked for the yeas and nays he gs, butheis had a loud roar from both sides. s, but he s-Attempt Beaten of the can- But Collins waited only a mo- Ly may not ment before saying the noes have e on him. it, and the South's attempt to get will d a milder civil rights plank was ominal head beaten pt the vice- Delegates from 10 Southern ul men like states protested that the civil n are push- rights proposal went too far and enson ticket. that they are being subjected to ter a campaign of studied vilification. If he can Sen. Sam Erwin of Nqrth Car- amount of olina presented a proposal to ing between strike the plank. y's, Johnson This came after a minority re- by accepting port by James H. Gray, chairman nomination, of the Georgia delegation. and personal One of the most forceful speak- ern support, ers to address the convention, ae is disliked Gray drew cheers from Southern ;ro. delegates when he said, "Increas- is of Michi- ingly, the loyalty of the people of own around the South to their party has been ties are the repaid with scolding and deris- ion." EN Demo- d Nixon achieve- office- pression e Vice- e forced ecifically rom the n of the two spot mination the Re- l candi- looking qual im- sibilities uire for the various reasons. Three, for example, are presidential possi- bilities. Another is apprehensive about actively campaigning for; the nomination. To complicate matters, Sen.3 Kennedy has masterfully let drop1 the names of at least ten possi- bilities, but may not commit him- self on a final choice until his own9 nomination is secure. Assuming Kennedy is the nomi-I nee, the vice-presidential candi-+ date will probably need other as- sets besides a name. He will need a Western or mid-Western vote+ state, Protestant religion, appeal+ to either civil rights or farm ele-1 ment, where Kennedy is relatively + weak, acceptibility to the South, where Kennedy needs support, and preferably, experience in foreign+ affairs, since that is the most+ critical issue in this campaign. Possible Choices The men who are now listed as' possibilities: Stuart Symington, a futile pres- idential candidate, might swing+ to Kennedy's side and eventually end up a vice-presidential candi- date. Symington is well liked by' NAACP officials, and can bring a strong knowledge of defense issues to the campaign. Sen. Henry S. Jackson, Wash- ington state; a Westerner, 'Jack- son has considerable experience in United States foreign policy prob- lems. He's useful, a good cam-' paigner, and has d Kennedy. Gov. Orville Freem sota; Backed by Hub rey, Freeman is appe bor, the Negro, and' but is not beloved byf Humphrey Wi Hubert Humphrey; is willing, but afraid seek the nomination more loss this year m chances for reelection ate in November. H reportedly Walter choice, and has lon darling of the liberal the most controversial didates, and Kenned want to take a chanc Adlai Stevenson; It cult to persuade the n of the party to accer presidency, but forcef Staebler and Harrima ing the Kennedy-Stev Johnson Bit Lyndon Johnson; overcome a certain bitterness now existi his camp and Kenned could unite the partyk the vice-presidential His broad experiencea strength, plus Southe would be assets, but h by labor and the Neg G. Mennen William gan. His name is thn often, but his liabili same as Humphrey's. Kennedy Flicks Off blows Delivered by Sen. Johnson LOS ANGELES UP)-John F. Kennedy invaded the Texas delega- tion yesterday and flicked off verbal blows aimed at him by their champion, Sen. Lyndon B. Johnson. Kennedy, the 43-year-old Massachusetts senator who has built up a heavy lead for the Democratic presidential nomination, had nothing but kind words for his rival from Texas. Johnson had some kind words for Kennedy, but he also cut loose with some fast jabs. Kennedy was content to shrug them off without hitting back. Among other GERMAN STAGE: Says Theatre Has Problems By MICHAEL BURNS The current problems of the theatre in West Germany are to solve the restrained feeling of youth's creativeness and inven- tiveness and to relieve the per- formers from the burden of rep- ertory roles, Prof. Hugh Z. Norton of the speech department said yesterday. Prof. Norton discussed his ex- periences in West Germany last year where he said he "observed as an American," not as an expert on the German theatre. The attitude that impressed him the most was the extensiveness of the new theatres, remarking that "the creativity is startling." He estimated that about 50-60 new theatres have been constructed there within the past 15 years, many of them rated among the finest in the world. The attitude "is a Renaissance mood," Prof. Norton said in de- scribing the West German ad- vances, "not only in artistic ex- cellence. but inventiveness as "The place of the theatre in West Germany is in the center of German life," he explained. It is "supported and hungred for" by individuals and by groups. The national concern with the theatre has introduced the "fam- ily" concept to German produc- tions. That is the plays and theatres are directed and built so as to include the-audience as a part of the action. The direct- ing has been less advanced in this manner than the stage architec- ture, he stressed. Without Distinction Architects have attempted to design fewer boxes without dis- tinction and the sense of separ- ation that is present in most theatres. "Anything they think of,. they try," he said. Television monitor- ing for operatic performances and very deep stages are two notable innovations of the German dra- matic stage. The innovations may not be, original, but the approach is fresh, he pointed out. things, Johnson poked at Ken- nedy's;record on farm legislation, on his absence during .votes on civil rights legislation, and he im- plied that Kennedy lacked the maturity and experience required of a president. Not Specific In rebuttal, Kennedy said that while Johnson had made some references about the shortcomings of other candidates, he was not specific and he assumed the Texan was talking about someone else. Kennedy said that if he wins the presidential nomination, it will be because he had observed the way Johnson operates around the United States Senate and has learned the lesson well. For some time there was doubt whether the face-to-face debate between the two senators, pro- posed by Johnson at an early morning news conference, would come off at all. Both Men Spar Both men had sparred at arm's length over the terms on which they would .meet. An expectant crowd jammed into the Biltmore Hotel's big ball- room. Johnson was first on the scene, and while his Texas sup- porters cheered, whistled and shouted, he posed with arms aloft PLA TFORM PRESENTED: Emphasizes Foreign Policy LOS ANGELES W)-A political blueprint for "restoring our na- tional strength-military, political, economic and moral," was spread before the Democratic national convention last night. In typical something-for-every- body fashion, the party platform ranged for 15,000 words over a broad spectrum of foreign and domestic issues. Top items were civil rights at home and Communist aggression abroad. Addressing itself to Soviet rulers it said: "We confidently accept your challenge to competition in every field of human endeavor." On national defense, the plat- form pledged a recasting of this nation's military capacity "in or- der to provide forces and weapons of a diversity, balance, and mobil- ity sufficient in quantity and qual- ity to deter both limited and gen- eral aggression." Pledge Energies "We npedg enr will. energies of a national peace agency to plan and coordinate activities directed toward international arms control and eventual establishment of a stable peace. Promised Overhaul It promised to overhaul admin- istrative machinery so that this country may avoid diplomatic em- barrassments like the U.S. spy plane incident. In an obvious reference to the. Eisenhower administration's for- eign palicy, the platform declared a fragile power balance sustained by mutual nuclear terror does not constitute peace. A 4,200-word summary of the full platform pledged a Demo- cratic administration to use the full power of the federal govern- ment-legal and moral-to end racial discrimination in public ed- ucation, voting, employment, hous- ing, transportation and in the ad- ministration of justice. Particularly galling to the Dixie ri ,na n __ o a %1 fn- ,af- -, programs. Acknowledging this will cost money, the platform promised new taxes if needed to finance them. No Tax Cut "We will not allow political dis- advantage to deter us from doing what is necessary (with regard to taxes)," it said. However, it expressed belief that new economic growth and a tightening of tax collections would provide enough additional reve- nue. No promise of a tax reduction was held out. The summary made no direct mention of the Eisenhower ad- ministration, but there were plenty of indirect attacks on Republican policies and actions. Dig at Ike In another indirect criticism of the Republicans, the platform de- clared the nation was on the threshold of plenty, but that the administration "hesitates, is con- HUGH Z. NORTON ... German theatre productions is the heavy load of about 20 roles a year which an