GROWING BUSINESS: AMERICAN EDUCATION see Page 2 Seventieth Year of Editorial Freedom :4ai i4i CLOUDY, HUMID High--88. Low--62 Cool this evening with possible showers Sunday, FIVE CENTS .LXX, No. 148 ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, SATURDAY, JULY 9, 1960 FIVE CENTS FOUR PA Troops Run Wild In Congo Capital BRAZZAVILLE, former French Congo P-Mutinous Negro troops ran wild for hours yesterday through Leopoldville, capital of the nine-day-old Congo Republic, sending whites streaming from the city in fear of assault and rape. A detachment of 164 crack Belgian infantry volunteers in com- bat dress and armed with automatic weapons left Brussels by plane during the night for the Congo. Belgian rule in the Congo ended with the King Baudouin's handover of power to the republic last week. Forty-two women and children, refugees from the chaos gripping the former Belgian Congo, arrived in Luanda, Angola, where many Student Movements: Common Goa .. told of narrow escapes threatened rape and injury. from By THOMAS HAYDEN Special to The Daily LOS ANGELES-Despite the absorbing turmoil of the Demo- cratic Convention here, more than a few persons are carefully observing a related and highly significant event, the so-called march on the convention for a stronger civil rights plank. Not only are they interested in the powerful demands for Negro rights, but also in the mysterious student movement at the base of the civil rights drive. When Bernard Lee, a Negro student from Alabama, testified before the platform committee this week, the current trend was clearly demonstrated. The American student is suddenly respon- sive to, anti often critical of, his social environment. No one seems to understand either the motivation or the ultimate direction of the student movement, but there is no escaping the fact that the movement does exist, that it is developing potency and momen- tum, and that it has the ability to sometimes change a social situation. This weekend, hundreds of students from as far away as New York and the South are participating in the march on the convention. The demonstration is the latest--who knows where the activity will turn next-in a year-long movement. Began with Sit-Ins Apparently it all began last spring when Negro students in the South precipitated the now-famous non-violent sit-ins at lunch counters. But since that time the trend has become national in nature. Students across the country have picketed lunch stores as a token of sympathy, for the Southern student. At the University; sym- pathy picketing began four months ago and still continues. The same is true at other campuses. In addition to the sit-ins, students concern themselves with other issues of the day. Many students protested the disclaimer affidavit and loyalty oath portions of the National Defense Education Act. Still others officially criticized the administration at the University of Illinois for the firing of Leo Koch, biology professor who argued for premarital relations. Chessman Case Draws Protest Here in California, two events drew tremendous student reaction. First, the execution of Caryl Chessman was decried through picketing, as it still is, and the carrying of petitions to Gov. Edmond G. (Pat) Brown. Second, the assembling of the House Un-American Activities Committee in San Francisco at- tracted any numbers of demonstrating students, who could be dispersed only by violent police action. It would be simple to continue to list the various occurrences which drew student protest. For example, it would be difficult to count the number of petitions signed in favor of disarmament. And now the students are in Los Angeles, face to face with a representative segment of the peers they have criticized for almost a year. Nature Defies Definition The question one must ask is simple, yet no one has quite been able to answer it: What, precisely, is the nature of the movement? Or, it may be stated otherwise: What happened to the so-called Silent Generation of the Fifties? The questions nearly defy answer for several reasons. First of all, students themselves are literally not able to understand the causes for the new movement, and when asked about it, will reply "I don't know-there's no simple pat answer for this thing." As well as not understanding the totality of the drive, students are motivated by apparently different reasons. Second, the wide distances betWeen centers of the drive, for instance between Montgomery and Berkeley, prevent communica- tion about possible joint problems and send the movement in scattered directions. Majority Shuns Action Third, it is clearly only a minority of the students who are making all the noise. A much larger segment of the United States student body seems to shun social and political action. Fourth, students in different areas are characterized by completely different attitudes. For instance, students here on the West Coast have a much higher degree of political sophistication than does the student in the South. The orientation here is toward issues which demand high quality critical thinking. In the South, students are not only less politically sophisti- cated but less issue-oriented. Their movement, on the other hand, has become religiously concentrated, unlike that on the West Coast, However, the movement is marked by an even different tone in the North, and in the East as well. There, political sophisti- cation is as high as on the West Coast, with one exception. Students do not organize into the issue-oriented "political See STUDENTS, Page 2 Castro Sure tOf Survival L-In Struggle HAVANA WP) - Fidel Castro de- clared last night Cuba will emerge victorious in a struggle for eco- nomic survival with the United States because "justice and his- tory" are on Cuba's side. Beginning a regular Friday night TV appearance an hour) late, the prime minister said the Cuban government will not react to United States "aggressions" in the manner he said the state de- partment would expect. But he did not immediately say what Cuba's reaction would be to a slash in Cuban sales by the United States. "They, as we have observed, wait until the revolutionary govern- ment makes a move, then they act," Castro said . . . "and usually they make a mistake. Error has accompanied United States for- eign policy in recent years." Addresses Crowd Castro spoke shortly after a big crowd gathered at the Mexican embassy here shouting thanks for an expression of support for the Cuban people voiced by a Mexican congressional spokesman. The crowd of about.1,000 carried signs saying "Cuba si, Yankees no" and shouted "viva Mexico, viva Cuba." En route to the Mexican diplo- matic quarters the crowd passed the Unites} States embassy. Mem- bers of the group raised anti- American signs and waved toward the embassy but made no other hostile gesture. Expresses Thanks Foreign Minister Raul Roa ear- lier called on Mexican Ambassador Gilberto Bosquez to express the Cuban government's thanks for the support of the Mexican con- gressional leader, Emilio Sanchez Piedras. 'Truman May AT - Be Delegate LOS ANGELES M) - Former President Harry S. Truman has changed his mind and will attend the Democratic Convention here, Gov. James T. Blair Jr. of Mis- souri announced yesterday. Blair said Truman will arrive Monday and will be a member of the Missouri delegation. At Independence, Missouri, the former President said only: "I will have an announcement tomorrow." The governor noted he had never formally accepted Truman's resig- nation from the delegation. Truman had said last weekend he .was going to stay away from the convention because, he con- tended, the affair had been "pre- arranged" in favor of the nomina- tion of Sen. John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts as the party's pres- idential candidate. The former President is a sup- porter of Sen. Stuart Symington of Missouri. The Belgian radio said Leopold- ville itself appeared deadly quiet tonight after a 6 p.m. curfew was imposed. It said shops had been closed, food was scarce and all Congolese servants had left Euro- pean homes. Several thousand whites, mostly women and children, fled Leo- poldville. The men in their fam- ilies sent them by ferry to this old Free French headquarters city across the river from Leopoldvile.y The flight across the river was halted for several hours by bayo- net carrying troops but later was resumed. One ferry was forced to unload and passengers were forced to carry their baggage back home. Communications Interrupted Troops moved into the central post office and radio transmitting station and for a time virtually all communications with Leopold- ville were cut off. Congolese sol- diers, straining to exercise their new authority, pointed their guns constantly and fired warning shots when orders were not obeyed promptly. United States Amdassador Clare H. Timberlake was reported to have stood off a group of Negro soldiers who invaded the United States embassy-where American families had taken refuge. Ad- vices to the United States Depart- ment said the troops were de- manding that Timberlake turn over a photographer. Americans.Leaving Tentative estimates were that under 40 of the 200 Americans living in Leopoldville had left the city. The United States air force rerouted two big air transport planes to Brazzaville for possible use in evacuation of Americans. Lumumba's cabinet issued a communique denying he had been the target of an assassination at- tempt. The communique said a group of Europeans wanted to kill Lumumba, but were nabbed by guards at his residence. (The Bel- gian radio said it was a case of mistaken identity-that the Euro- peans were Belgian plainclothes security agents assigned to guard Lumumba, and they were released when their identity was dis- closed.) Officials said Americans in Leo- poldville were assembled in three places - the embassy, the am- bassador's residence, and a hotel. Telephonic communications was possible among the three and by this afternoon telephone calls were also going through to Brazza- ville, across the Congo River in French territory. 'Expand Plans 'of Picketers The local picketing group will begin -immediately to demonstrate against certain Ann Arbor stores on Monday nights as well as Sat- urday afternoons, for those which are open, a member of the group said yesterday. They also plan to begin negotia- tions regarding discrimination at local beaches, in hopes of solving difficulties without active protest. Convention Tension nereases; Favorite Kennedy St ll General Red-Fascist Riots Shake Italian Cities R 0 M E W)-Bloody political rioting swept two Sicilian cities yesterday and torpedoed a bid by the president of the Senate to bring a truce to strife-shaken Italy. Three demonstrators were killed and 150 rioters and police were injured. Gunfire and tear gas made battlefelds of the palm-fringed streets of Palermo and Catania. The fighting in Catania went on until almost midnight. Police and rioters fought a gun battle at police headquarters when Com- munist-led demonstrators tried to assault the building. At another point police had to fight off dem- onstrators trying to break into gunsmith shops and other places selling arms. Police said rioters used guns both at Palermo and Catania. An appeal for a 15-day truce by the president of the Italian Sen- ate failed. The government re- jected any compromise with the rioters and warned it would "obey its duty of keeping the public squares from becoming a substi- tute for Parliament." The widespread wave of vio- lence that began June 30 now has taken 10 lives and caused injuries to almost 1,000 persons, Yesterday's violence centered in Sicily. In Catania, at the foot of vol- canic Mt. Etna, a 15-year-old boy was killed in fighting between police and hundreds of Commu- nists. In Palermo street battles ranged for hours. Four persons were wounded by gunfire and two later died in a hospital. CONVENTION CLOSEUP: Johnson Ducks MajorIssues By THOMAS HAYDEN special to The Daily LOS ANGELES--The troubles Lyndon Johnson faces in seeking his party's Presidential nomina- tion were clearly dramatized yes- terday. The Texan was the first of the major Presidential aspirants to arrive here and he scheduled a heavy round of activity for the weekend. But his first important appearance, at an overflow press conference in the afternoon, left one with the impression that his surface optimism is unwarranted. Johnson was not impressive. He ducked questions on civil rights, and civil rights has become the central issue within the party this week, Ducks Questions He refused to declare his feel- ings about Qumoy and Matsu on the grounds that only the Presi- dent should be the American pol- icy spokesman: "I have personal feelings about Quemoy and Matsu, and if elected will express them." There were signs of real dis- satisfaction with the senator's answers among the press. They were not the kind of answers to attract one's esteem nor were they answers which will win support in heavily urban Northern states. Asked whether he favored a strong civil rights plank, for ex- ample, the Texan drawled, "We must have a national platform appealing to all elements. It must be true to the Constitution and protect everyone's constitutional rights. The bills I've helped get through Congress in the last three years have been forward looking steps." Equivocal On Sit-Ins Asked if he thought the plat- form committee should support the Southern sit-in movement, Johnson was equivocal: "I'll sup- Ir I { SEN. LYNDON JOHNSON ... out of running? port a platform which protects every citizen's constitutional rights. Given that sort of statement plus the fact that Sen. Kennedy has more appeal to American la- bor, Johnson's chances for the nomination are not as great as his supporters declare. If he is not acceptable to the Negro or to labor, he will not be acceptable to the big Northern delegations' here. Johnson's whole campaign so far has been mysterious. He claims to have been kept from active participation until this week because of his important duties as Senate majority leader. Like Stevenson, he has left the direction of his campaign to a core of patriots, notably including Sam Rayburn. As a "campaigner," he has re- lied on his relationships with other congressmen and on the party pros, like Rayburn. No doubt this influence is vast, but it has failed to project into the public political arena. No Image In short, Johnson has not achieved a powerful public image, the kind that attracts delegates, His reputation is ambiguous. He is the most important individual in the United States Senate, yet his publicity has hardly been commensurate with his impor- tance. He is a Southerner in a party that contains considerable North- South conflict, yet he somehow holds all elements together. Labels are difficult to apply to him. Johnson is known as a con- servative but has done much for liberal causes. His votes in many areas, including civil rights, are with the South, according to the Congressional Quarterly. But he is the first man in 75 years to get any Negro civil rights legislation through Congress. As a congressional leader, in the words of one commentator, "Sen. Johnson is neither young nor old but only a furiously func- tioning one-man political caucus to whom age, health and many other normal concerns have an absolute and total irrelevance that must be seen to be credited." A good clue to the senator's political philosophy was seen yes- terday in his civil rights stand, that of protecting everyone's con- stitutional rights. This attitude seems to be reflected in his feel- ings about the whole legislative process. Johnson wants to span all ele- ments. He is a compromiser, a unifier. What he lacks in positive -that is, controversial-thinking, he makes up for in his ability to unify a diverse community. And he is largely undefinable in the mind of the delegate. Opin- ions of Johnson range from "great leader" to "empty Southerner."~ He is relatively young--51. If he fails here this time, he will at least have established a public personality and in the coming four years can be expected to step further forward. At the moment his chances for the nomination are fair, but he will find it difficult to pick up many votes outside the South and it seems unlikely that he will be able to create a needed third- ballot bandwagon. If he fails to receive the nomi- ation, Johnson will be able to ex- ercise great influence on the ulti- mate choice. The most reason- Stevenson Support Gains Momentum Brown May Declare for Kennedy At Tomorrow's Press Conference By THOMAS HAYDEN Special to The Daily LOS ANGELES-Sen. John Kennedy, Adlai Stevenson and Sen. Stuart Symington land here today bringing con- vention tension and complexity to its highest point so far. Few surface trends have changed in the last 24 hours despite the early arrival and optimistic declarations of Sen. Lyndon Johnson. Kennedy, long the front runner, remains the general favorite although his forces have admitted first ballot vic- tory does not seem possible. The second ballot looms as the crucial one for Kennedy with the other candidates waiting for him to falter. Johnson claimed yesterday he was like- In IlniyetraSeesny Chief ly to emerge as the nominee. In Illinois yesterday, Stevenson directly entered the campaign at last, saying he would work vig- orously if nominated. A great deal of mystery and ex- citement here surround the Calif- ornia, Pennsylvania and Illinois delegations. Kennedy and Steven- Special to The Daily son factions are apparently void- ing each other, with Kennedy be- Michigan Democratic Party chair- Ing generally conceded an edge. man, predicted yesterday that Gov. G. Pat Brown of California man Kennedy will receive the breaks an official silence tomor- Democratic nomination on the row at an important press con- eocrat nat ingon the ference at the Biltmore Hotel. He second ballot, after receiving 58Gs may declare for Kennedy and free to 625 votes on the first ballot. his delegation to vote on the first Staebler is a highly respected ballot. figure in national Democratic cir- No Conferences Scheduled cles. He is reportedly the favorite Leaders of the Pennsylvania choice of all candidates to replace and Illinois delegations have so Paul Butler as Democratic na- far not scheduled conferences with tional chairman. But Staebler has theress. nsannounced he is not interested in the press. the job but would rather spend While nominating trends have his time working on the develop- remained relatively stable,_ many ment of "political participation" eyes have turned to serious battles by the public. This has always before the platform committee. been his chief concern. Civil rights is undoubtedly the When Butler is replaced, as he most explosive issue.i enyBobe, Staebler will prob- Sen. Holland of Florida, claim- ably be tound somewhere in the ing to represent fifty million, has upper echelons of the party work- already warned of a split if the ing as an assistant of some sort party adopts a strong rights plank. to the Democratic national chair- But dozens of others, includingmawovrhis Gov. G. Mennen Williams of Mich- ThomaR Quimby, Michigan's igan, have urged the committee to national committeeman, is men- be specific in its program. tioned as a possibility to replace Williams Applauded Butler as is Clare Engel of Calif- Williams was loudly applauded ornia. for his presentation, "Democrats and Human Dignity;" he sought strong action in four areas: medi- C Drive cal care for the aged, a foreign C flnConv policy geared to peace, civil rights and the removal of nationality quotas from immigration laws. He asked the party to adopt the LASING (M-The count was plank on civil rights urging "co- close to 323,000 signatures as the plete desegregation of public constitutional convention petition schools and all other tax - sup- drive more khan went over the top ported facilities, meaningful guar- yesterday. I Predict American Cultural Leadership By MICHAEL BUINS The United States has an opportunity in the future primarily for scientific and cultural world leadership as "the agent for Western civilization rather than the representative merely of wealth or of power," like a modern Athens, Prof. Henry Steele Commager said here yesterday. The noted historian from Amherst said the shift in the world power scheme is happening at present in which Japan, India, China, Africa or Latin America could emerge as new foci of military superi- ority, "not two power systems but five or six." Several economic changes have caused these shifts in world power: the sudden change from scarcity to affluency in Western society while other nations subsist; technological advances which promise greater considerations and objectives. Both of these measures have been tried in the past, Prof. Commager said, and have been fairly unsuccessful. Two plans of action we might follow would be the supplying of expert guidance and technical assistance or utilizing the United Na- tions or some new similar agency to distribute such aid as we desire to give, "in order to circumvent nationalist and political and ideologi- cal implications of a foreign aid program." The first of these two approaches is the "most appealing," but not clearly the most effective, he said. The United States must realize that it cannot dictate the terms under which the aid will be given. The dispenser and the recipient must plan together for the program and the issue must not be one of domestic political conflict or contesting nationalism, but of inter- national cooperation. This is the hard lesson we must learn, Prof. V4 77