I ~bg AId Igau fiI Seventy-Second Year EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICIGAN UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS "Where Opinions Are Free STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG. * ANN ARBOR, MICH. " Phone NO 2-3241 Truth Will Prevail" Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints. SATURDAY, JULY 14, 1962 NIGHT EDITOR: CYNTHIA NEU Narrw Doctoral Programs Yield Data, not Light; Facts, not Insight UNDERSCORE: State Needs an Income Tax -1 T HE IDEA of doing dissertations and getting doctorates and the meaning of PhD degrees need re-examination. A PhD gives a person a great deal of status and enables him to secure a professorship or a high-paying job in industry. But, it would seem, doctorates and dissertations contribute little else to the development of individuals or of civilization. Who reads and discusses a dissertation other than the panel of educators who award one? A LBERT AMMERMAN, former assistant dean SY of Henry Ford Community College, spent a long time preparing a dissertation on the academic success of H.F.C.C. graduates at the University. I was probably the only student who ever read that work. It might be argued in reply that Dean Am- merman was able to use the knowledge he gained by his study to counsel H.F.C.C. stu- dents who planned to transfer to the Uni- versity. But Dean Ammerman left H.F.C.C. one semester after he got the PhD-and what use is knowledge of the kind he gained to him or the people he deals with in his present position as head of a New York college? This also. illustrates a problem of disserta- tions: they are too specialized. The theory is that they are supposed to provide the world with an original and usable piece of knowledge, and this theory is fine. But dissertations, in becoming so specialized, become unread and frequently also- become trite. A GLANCE at the Daily Official Bulletin reveals the kind of efforts hard-working people are making for naught: "The Sucker Creek-Trout Creek Miocene Floras of Southeastern Oregon," a doctorate in botony. What Southeastern Oregon out- doorsman is ever going to read this study? Chances are that the study will be put away in some library here to collect dust. And even if the study were put in the hands of a Southeastern Oregon outdoorsman, would he read it? If the dissertation is written like most of them-with a select vocabulary that few can comprehend and in dull, formal Eng- lish-even the most enthusiastic nature-lover will become bored after a page or two. WILL THE AUTHOR of the study wander through the forests of Southeastern Oregon telling whomever he meets about the glories of the miocene' flora? Chances are that even the author is not that enthusiastic, and if he were excited about his topic at the beginning, he must be sick of it by now after spending hours and hours compiling and comparing data and typing up (without mistakes) his findings into a several hundred page booklet. "Persistence of Postwar American Proposals for the Study of Contemporary Affairs in the West German Volksschule," a doctorate in edu- cation: How many educators, much less non- educators, care? Could not the time have been spent more profitably-perhaps in making proposals of the author's own, perhaps in doing more general study, perhaps teaching instead of doing re- search about teaching? "SELF-STIMULATION and Escape Behavior in Response to Stimulation of the Rat Amygdala," a doctorate in psychology: Of what real pertinence is this? And who is con- cerned about it other than a half dozen people in the world? There must be other things of value to the world that psychology can look into. Individual men have only limited time on earth. To spend so much of it and to dis- sipate so much of one's energy on subjects of such narrow scope and little importance is to defeat the idea of service to society. Today a person cannot easily become a college professor unless he has a PhD. The road to college teaching is full of letters: after getting a B.A. a student decides on the sub- ject of his greatest interest and dives into his M.A. work on it. When he gets the M.A. the knowledge is fresh--but not much of it can be transfered to others. HE MAY be given a minor role as an in- structor, but he has to spend years re- searching knowledge that he will seldom use in order to gain sufficient prestige so that he can work his way up in teaching. And by the time he achieves the PhD, the knowledge he had gained from his M.A. work has become somewhat stale and much of it is forgotten. It follows that a PhD should not be a re- quirement for college teaching. A person is better educated in many ways after getting a M.A. than after getting a PhD because he is more broadly (while yet incisively) edu- cated and the knowledge is fresher. It follows also that universities should pre- fer to hire people who practice what they and others learn about, more so than people who devote a great deal of time and effort .to learning a lot about something minute. F OR EXAMPLE, a person with an M.A. in political science who has served three years in public office should be selected over a person who has spent three years exploring the quantitative factors involved in the arith- metic determination of proportional repre- sentation in a given state. This University and its students benefit, for example, because its journalism faculty is com- posed of men who not only have studied news- papers and current events but also have worked on newspapers. The faculties of other depart- ments would do well to enlist men who have lived the knowledge they have gained from study. A doctor of philosophy is a master of an often insignificant tidbit of knowledge that is seldom if ever used; he is not necessarily an educated man. He may gaze at a pinpoint of light but may be unable to see the scene that it illuminates. --ROBERT SELWA -Peter Smith MACBETH-Christopher Plummer played Macbeth, and Kate Reid his wife, in the Stratford festival's version of Shakespeare's shortest, and most classic, tragedy. Peter Coe directed the production. Macbeth' Lacks Depth In Stratford Production STRATFORD-ON-AVON, Ontario-"Macbeth" wears, less well than other major plays of Shakespeare. Its crucial moments are familiar scenes, the daggar scene, the banquet scene, the sleepwalking scene; they are not in Shakespeare's forte, which is rather intellectual analysis leading to understanding of feeling than direct presentation of emotional upheaval. Last night's production at Stratford, Ontario accented the disparity of these scenes from the remainder of the play. The paths which lead to this as well as the fact itself were the undoing of the performance. *** * FROM THE VERY beginning it seemed as though either director Peter Coe had read Mary McCarthy's recent article in Harpers, or that she had known of his production. For Macbeth at the start is portrayed by Christopher Plummer as far too weak, handwringing; Tax Cut a Poor Solution A SERIES of actions by the Administration and the Senate resulted in an at least $2.6 billion give-away to business interests in the last few days. The Treasury announced a liberalized depre- ciation schedule which cuts $1.5 billion from taxes by allowing greater deductions of depre- ciation and by redefining this process. The Sen- ate finance committee chipped off another $1.1 billion by passing the investment tax credit portion of the Kennedy tax plan. It let other untold millions of dollars escape by defeating the Administration plan for withholding taxes on dividends and interest. President Kennedy justified both moves by saying, "Encouraging American business to re- place its machinery more rapidly, we hope to make American products more cost-competi- abitat Grou s EVERY FRESHMAN WOMAN, or almost every freshman woman, is shown the Uni- versity Zoo during orientation. And then for- gets about it. Yet, despite the 'U' undergraduate's ignor- ance of the animals' life, there is a surprisingly strong correlation between her living conditions and her attitude towards them, and the zoo dwellers' living conditions and their attitude toward them. Venture into a corridor in any Hill dorm. Then visit the zoo. BIG FAT SLOPPY BEARS chewing yester- day's mush; little frustrated foxes gnashing their teeth; and smelly wolverines salivating in the heat will undoubtedly remind you of the girls from Markley or Lloyd or Stockwell. They can't leave their little cages; they can't get out; they can't visit. They can't ask for better food or nicer living arrangements And all day long they sit in their excreta, tive, to step up our economic growth and to provide expanded job opportunities for all workers" IT IS UNLIKELY that these measures will meet Kennedy's goals. To some extent it will encourage business to modernize its production, but by creating savings by liberalizing deprecia- tion rates, business might at times be encour- aged to retain machinery over a longer period of time to retain tax advantages. Ironically, the incentive to replace older machines with more modern ones may negate the third of Kennedy's goals-job creating. Automation is a strong, continuing trend in American production and new machinery tends to reduce jobs. The automobile industry is an excellent example of this trend. This year the inidustry is producing cars at close to the rec- ord pace of 1955, yet it is using many less workers to build them. Michigan's unemploy- ment has remained the same despite the auto companies' prosperity. The greatest damage of the government's action was the Senate committee's failure to accept the dividend and interest-withholding provisions. Presently, wages and salary in- come taxes are collected before the wage or salary is paid, but interest and dividend taxes are collected annually on the basis of tax returns. The lack of withholding collection has long left an opening for hiding of income and lost tax dollars through cheating, court costs and compromise settlements. The withholding pro- visions would destroy this opportunity for ill- gotten gains. T HE $2.6 BILLION loss comes at a time when the country can least afford it. The military budget is expanding, eating a bigger and bigger percentage of tax income. At the same time, civilian needs are increasing at about the same rate. The government is operat- ing at a deficit already. It cannot stand the loss of income. DISNEY AGAIN: Ron Voyage Leaky Trip HALF-WAY BETWEEN the Paris of Henry Miller and the Paris of Norman Vincent Peale, we find the Paris of Walt Disney's newest true-life adventure, "Bon Voyage!" the journal of a family forced to grapple. The first complication is injected into the plot when daughter Amy (Deborah Walley), oldest of three incroyable kiddies spawned by Mother (Jane Wyman) and Father (Fred Mac Murray, of course) Wil- lard, fresh out of Terre Haute, picks up or is picked up by a young Paris-ite. The bitter and mamy-monied lad, Nick O'Mara (Michael Cal- lan), an honors graduate from the Yale graduate school of archi- tecture, meets the sweet and hum- ble and buxom girl from Indiana in an elevator. * * * THE PLOT is raised to Ameri- can standards of complication as the family arrives in Paris, and the baby of the group (Kevin Cor- coran) discovers a bidet; Elliott, the family adolescent (Disney- style), discovers that "fille" doesn't necesarily mean "girl"; Amy dis- covers that she's really a warm female; Father discovers the Paris sewer system; and with Mother's help, teaches Nick that life can be beautiful. Below the surface, the intent viewer may catch the film's subtle, evasive, and spiritual messages. * * * PERHAPS the most basic of these is the refutation of the Yale- educated Nick's philosophy that "either people are hypocrites, pre- tending to be happy, or else they're just deluding themselves r.. Like most Disney films, "Bon Voyage!" was probably intended for children's viewing. But the intimations throughout of adul- tery, blackmail, fornication, pros- titution, illigitimacy and the gen- eral immorality of foreigners ruins it for youngsters. And the simple plot, running two-and-one-quarter gruelling hours, will probably ruin it for adults come to laugh. A bon voyage, it is not. -Denise Wacker -Michael Sattinger DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETIN The Daily Official Bulletin is an official publication of The Univer- sity of Michigan for which The Michigan Daily assumes no editorial responsibility. Notices should be sent in TYPEWRITTEN form to Room 3564 Administration Bulding before 2 p.m., two days preceding publication. SATURDAY, JULY 14 General Notices Foreign Service Exams-State Dept. and U. S. Information Agency annual examinations both given on Sept. 9. Deadline for filing application is July 23. May apply to take one exam, not both. Applicantionsavailable at Bu- reau of Appointments, 3200 SAB. Clinic will be held at the Fresh Air Camp on Tuesday July 17, 1966266, 66 Camp on Tuesday, July 17, 1962, at not a man torn by despair, or caught in strong tides of feeling, but a small boy confused and upset up a grown-up world, which, though he does not understand, he has dreamt of conquering. For his response to the witches' first revealing is one not of fear or hope, but of guilt: these are his own thoughts presented in the fearsome guise of fact come to pass. To support him then in his evil plans there must be strength in Lady Macbeth. But we found rather brittleness in Kate Reid's performance. From her first speech we see a woman not driven by internal forces but rather deter- mined in a shallow course by the inflexibility of her whims. IN THE LAST scenes, when Macbeth gains in strength as Lady Macbeth declines, it becomes im- possible to portray their change with conviction. Thinly drawn, the characters are only capable of alternating between blustering and weakness. Without some depth on which to base reaction, these swings of emotion appear exag- gerated, though not unmotivated. The two principal characters do have much in common. The nice- ties of preventing this were strong points of the production. A well, with real water, served for Mac- beth's washing scene, for Lady Macbeth's dream scene, and at the end for Macbeth's corpse. The parallels in the respective speechs were subtly accented by parallel gestures. In contrast to the general shal- lowness of the central roles, that of Macduff, plated by Bruno Ger- ussi, was full-blown and human. His reaction to the news of his family's slaughter was the most genuine acting of the evening. -J. Philip Bernard By PHILIP SUTIN Daly Staff Writer SLOWLY the people of Michigan are being forced to accept the realization that an income tax is necessary if they are to have sol- vent state and local governments and a high level of services at the same time. With the near passage of a state income tax and the resultant De- troit adoption of an income tax on residents and non-residents working in the city, the trend to- ward income taxes is accelerating. On Monday the first steps may be taken toward enacting a sim- ilar income tax in Ann Arbor. Councilman Lynn Eley will intro- duce a motion to order City Ad- ministrator Guy Larcom to study the feasibility of such a tax and its impact on the city's residents and non-resident workers. * * * ELEY in his tax plans hits at the basic need for an income tax when he proposes a cut, in the property tax to offset new reve- nue raised by the income tax. In effect, Eley is attempting to change the tax base from the re- stricted property tax to the more broadly based income tax. Once the income tax is established, it can be expanded to meet future demands for city services. This is the crux of the tax diffi- culties of both the state and its major cities. They are faced with increasing demands for services while its tax base can no longer provide the revenue. Property in an urban-industrial society is not the same measure of wealth that it was in the rural society when most taxes on it were originally enacted. Its value is often static and tax monies derived from it have long passed the saturation point. The state depends on the sales tax. However, this too is a narrow base for obtaining operating reve- nue. Its major drawback is that it fluctuates with the state's eco- nomic condition, providing the least revenue when the state needs it most. A secondary fault is that it draws business out of the state for people often go to neighboring states to buy the same goods at a cheaper price. THE STATE also has a hodge- podge of lesser taxes which fail to form a coherent or effective meth- od of raising the increasing amount of revenue needed to run. state government. There are several different ra- tionales for income taxes. The one advanced by the Senate moderates in Lansing could be called the "generator theory." The income tax, they argue, by allowing the state to repeal the regressive busi- ness activities tax and the cor- poration franchise tax frees busi- ness to expand and develop, creat- ing jobs and taxable revenues. Coupled with administrative re- form, enough revenue can be cre- ated to provide increased services. A more liberal argument centers on the less regressive nature of an income tax. A graduated in- come tax is preferred. However, a flat rate tax is less regressive than a sales tax which hits hard on low income families who must spend a greater percentage of their income on taxable purchases. An income tax would partially lift the tax burden from the shoulders of- lower income taxpayers and still provide an increase in serv- ices. (EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the fin- al article in a series on the new state Constitution. One more article will appear in the coming weeks analyzing the overall document and its chances for adoption.) By MARK BLUCHER Daily Staff Writer A LONG WITH CHANGES in the apportionment scheme of the Legislature, the 1962 constitution- al convention also rewrote the ar- ticle concerned with legislative powers. Some of the sections of this article are likely to cost the new document votes among the state's 31,000 civil service em- ployes. The present constitution gives the state's Civil Service Commis- sion the exclusive power to fix pay rates, and requires the Leg- islature to come up with the nec- essary money for any raises. Under the new constitution, the Legislature may "reject or reduce increases in rates of compensation authorized by the commission," but only if this is done within 60 days by a two-thirds vote in each chamber. * * * HOWEVER, the Legislature may not reduce pay rates in effect be- fore the recommended increases. It could, therefore, veto increases but it couldn't cut pay, Another controversial section of the civil service article deals with the hiring and dismissal of work- ers. In the present docunient prior commission approval is required before any position may be creat- ed or abolished by a department head. Under the 1962 constitution, appointing officers are given the power to create or abolish posi- tions "for reasons of administra- tive efficiency without the ap- proval of the commission." The article continues that "any employe considering himself ag- grieved by the abolition of a posi- tion shall have a right of appeal to the commission through estab- lished grievance procedure." * * * PROF. JAMES POLLOCK, a Re- publican delegate from Ann Arbor and member of the political sci- ence department, joined with 35 Democrats in opposing the chang- es. Both contended that they would weaken the system. Prof. Pollock is acknowledged as the "father" of the present constitutional civil service article which the voters approved in 1940. The Republican majority claim- ed that the Legislature was en- titled to some restraint on the commission-recommended pay in- creases. * * * THESE DELEGATES also 'said that the provision giving depart- ment heads the right of hiring and firing without commission approv- al was in the interest of adminis- trative efficiency-and only for that reason. Another change in the civil serv- ice article would raise to eight the number of exempt, or non-civil service jobs for the governor's of- fice. However, the commission would recommend their pay rate. The head of each principal de- partment would be entitled to two exempt employes each, and the commission could authorize up to three more in each department if their jobs were of a policy-making nature. * * * THE LIMIT is now two per de- partment but there are over 100 such departments. The new docu- ment directs that these "adminis- trative offices, agencies and in- strumentalities of the executive branch (be organized into) not more than 20 principal depart- ments." Reorganization schemes would have to be submitted by the gov- ernor to the Legislature. They would go into effect if the Legis- lature did not specifically veto them within 60 days. Approval would not be required. Under the new constitution the Legislature would be given some power over those agencies having power to promulgate rules and regulations with the full force and effect of law. * * * THESE STATE AGENCIES are not subject to approval of the at- torney general and to court re- view. The new constitution would provide that "the Legislature may by concurrent resolution empower a joint committee of the Legisla- ture acting between sessions to suspend until the end of the next regular legislative session any rule or regulation of an administrative agency promulgated when the Leg- islature is not in regular session." One of the new constitution's shorter sections almost led to the abolition of a great deal of the state's revenue. The section read "The Legislature shall not author- ize any lottery nor permit the sale of lottery tickets." Somedelegates were irked when the majority refused to include a section that would legalize bingo and so they, temporarily, included a section that would have banned parimutuel betting. This would have meant a loss of $8 million a yearkfrom the horse and harness tracks. SOME of the other smaller, though important, changes in the new document included: -Continuance of the authority of the Legislature, by a two-thirds vote of each house, to order an election on constitutional amend- ments. -Allowance of a constitutional amendment by a petition signed by 10 per cent of the total voters in the last preceding general elec- tion. -Require submission of the question of calling a new consti- tutional convention in 1978 and every 16 years thereafter. -Require any new con-con to BEFORE the income tax can be an effective revenue producer for both the state and its cities, a number of conflicts must be ironed out. There is no regulation of city income taxes in Michigan, and proliferation of local income taxes on non-residents threatens fiscal chaos and endless litigation. Many residents subject to two local in- come taxes may well get snarled into different exemption, with- holding, filing and other require- ments. Then any potential state tax may be piled on top of the city taxes, creating three demands on the individual income. Again, con- fusion of exemption and other technical details of income taxes may arise. To eliminate confusion, the state could take two measures. It could regulate city income taxes by pro- viding standard provisions for all taxes. Or it could collect the city income taxes in addition to its own tax and return a set per- centage of the collection to the cities. * * * THE LATTER is preferable in terms of efficiency, while the for- mer raises more revenue for local units. Once a fiscal reform package based on an income tax is worked out, it must be sold to the voters. Most, Ann Arbor moderate Sen. Stanley Thayer says, have not sifted through the whole issue. If they oppose an income tax, they see it as one more bite out of their pocketbooks. If they favor the tax, they see it as additional revenue to finance a pet interest. Few un- derstand the income tax as a key- stone to fiscal reform. Thus proponents of the income tax have some sophisticated edu- cating and convincing of unin- formed public. To date, they have not succeeded too well and there are still many potent pressures for retaining the status quo, both on the city and state level. Taxes will be the prime issue in the coming campaign. It will be a time of much emotional debate by both sides. If the state and its ci- ties are to be saved from indefinite bankruptcy, the proponents of an income tax-based fiscal reform will have to shun emotional verb- iage and show the people the need for fiscal reform. >4 «: '.1 THE NEW CONSTITUTION: Legislature Could Aiter Civil Service Pay Rates I A " £ J A 4! '-N - J,. , I a J