Yt United States Makes Slow Desegregation Gains By HELENE SCHIFF and ROBERT SELWA America's wall of segregation is slowly coming down. The nation's judiciaries are helping to crumble it; so are sit-ins, investigations by desegregation organizations, demonstra- tions, Interstate Commerce ' Commission action, and Justice Department requests. In the momentous term that ended last week, the Supreme Court made many "significant decisions in favor of civil rights and desegregation. It freed sixteen sit-in campaigners and six Freedom Riders held for breach of the peace. It directed a lower court to issue a prompt injunction against Mississippi travel segregation statutes; it banned segregation in a Memphis air- port restaurant. And it affirmed a decision holding unconstitu- tional a Louisiana law for closing schools to prevent integra- tion. Push Civil Rights The Department of Justice has been pushing civil rights, and Atty. Gen. Robert Kennedy has been able to tell the press that the "For White Only" signs are coming down, that Negroes are registering and voting as never before, and that new employ- ment opportunities are opening up every day. "The pace is quickening," Kennedy said. "This is a time of great excitement. Long delayed gains are being won." For the first time, Negroes are serving on the United States District Court in the continental United States, and the United States attorneys in two of the nation's largest cities are Negroes, Kennedy said. And eighty-five companies with five million em- ployes have come forward with affirmative plans to assure equal employment opportunities in their hiring and promotion systems. President's Committee "This progress has been brought about by the work of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunities un- der the leadership of the Vice-President. They will continue to work to see that there is more," Kennedy commented. He said "tremendous progress" has been made to eliminate racial segregation in interstate transportation. Hundreds of bus and rail terminals have been desegregated over the past year. "Within a very short time," Kennedy declared, "it will be possible to fly to any airport in the country without seeing 'White' and 'Colored' signs." When the Justice Department cannot get voluntary action, "it will continue to go to court to enforce the laws of the United States on discrimination," he stressed. Litigation Continues Meanwhile, the litigation continues. Next term, the Supreme Court will consider whether the Constitution is violated by sit-in' convictions for trespass. It has accepted seven such cases for re- view. In Jackson, Miss., the fifth United States Circuit Court of Appeals has ordered U.S. District Judge Signey Mize to issue an injunction forcing the University of Mississippi to admit a Negro. "We see no valid, nondiscriminatory reason" for the univer- sity's not accepting James Meredith, the Negro applicant, the court said. This is the first school desegregation decision affect- ing Mississippi. In Atlanta, a Negro college student, doctor and dentist, and four other Negroes have filed a suit in Federal Court asking for complete integration of all patient care facilities and student training programs at Grady Memorial Hospital and of state medical and dental societies. (NAACP attorneys have filed sim- ilar litigation in Greensboro, North Carolina and Orangeburg, South Carolina.) Staff Rights The suit asks for injunctions to permit Negro physicians and dentists the full use of staff facilities, to end the segregation of patients on the basis of race, and to admit students to training facilities without regard to race. Members of the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights have been picketing and standing-in at the hospital for several months, In Gary, Ind., attorneys for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People have filed suit in the U.S. Dis- trict Court on behalf of 110 Negro children seeking an injunction restraining the Gary School board from building an addition to a segregated high school. See AMERICA, Page 3 LANSING NEEDS NEW STRUCTURES See Page 2 Y L Seventy-One Years of Editorial Freedom 74E aitA FAIR High--85 Low--2 Sky unbroken by clouds. VOL. LXXII, No. 8-S ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, FRIDAY, JULY 6, 1962 SEVEN CENTS FOUR PAGES: Moslem, European Fight GOP Prepares Measure Kills 60 Persons t" ORAN (P)-Moslems and Europ- eans fought with knives and guns in a bloody four-hour battle through the heart of Oran yester- day, casting a grim shadow over Algeria's new independence. Sixty or more persons, mostly Moslems, were killed, unofficial reports said. The battle developed without warning along lines familiar be- fore the Moslem takeover of power from France this week. The ex- pectation-still looming over in- dependent Algeria-was that even bloodier battles will be fought be- tween rival Moslems contending for power. The Moslems said holdout Sec- ret Army terrorists started the battle, one of the western port city's worst in recent history. Fighting began at noon when a hail of bullets came from rooftops and balconies of European apart- ment houses of thousands of Mos- lems celebrating independence in the Place Foch, one of the city's main squares. There has been no official an- nouncement on the fighting. No centralized authority has appeared to take charge since Algerian in- dependence was proclaimed two dags ago. However, the Moslem Brazil Govern'ment Crisis Causes General Strike, Riot RIO DE JANEIRO (A')-A frenzied mob sacked more than 100 food stores and clashed with police near Rio De Janeiro yesterday as the nation fell into the grip of a crippling general strike over selection of a new government. Fierce fighting between police and townspeople broke out in Duque De Caxias, about 20 miles from here, as a result of food short- ages. Infantry troops and tanks quelled the battling after several -hours. Two Explain Programmed Mathematics By MICHAEL SATTINGER. Programmed instruction in math- ematics, part of the mathematics education summer lecture series, was the topic of two lectures yes- terday. Robert S. Fouch, math editor of Science Research Associates, pre- sented the background theory of programmed instruction, and A. Joseph Kramer, consultant of TE- MAC (Encyclopedia Britannica), dipscussed the textbooks and ma- chines used. Fouch presented the theories of Prof. B. F. Skinner of Harvard, whose 1958 work with rats and pig- eons, caught the public's interest in programmed instruction. Progressive Education Prof. Skinner, an admirer of progressive education, uses neither threats nor punishments, he said. By patient waiting he got ani- mals to do certain actions. The de- sired behaviour was then rein- forced by an immediate reward. Prof. Skinner considered the im- mediacy of the reward extremely important, Fouch said. Fouch said that programmed in- struction caused so much interest because of the false hope of re- lieving the teacher shortage. At most, it would enable teachers to teach in a different way, he de- clared. Prove Methods Kramer said that researchers must prove that their instructions actually do teach. Authors of pres- ent textbooks, he claimed, took no responsibility for the student's' comprehension.. Actual teaching "machines" are a failure, Kramer said. He explain- ed that only the book form of pro- grammed instruction was feasible. Present textbooks will be re- placed by programmed instruc- tion, Kramer concluded. Rn n ysi rf Mayor Adolfo Daci said 15 per- sons had been killed but Rio De Janeiro . radio stations put the number dead at 7. Neither figure could be immediately confirmed as accurate. The strike originally was called to protest the naming of Sen. Auro de Moudra Andrade as prime minister instead of a member of the Brazilian Labor Party. An- drade resigned however, after only 36 hours in office, when he failed to form a cabinet. Union leaders went on with the strike anyway, to compel the chamber of deputies to name "a nationalist and democratic cab- inet." Some union leaders said, however, they got word of An- drade's resignation too late to call off the strike. T h e Brazilian Labor Party (PTB) is only the third largest in the chamber of deputies. Just how the union leaders could force the chamber to accept a PTB mem- ber as prime minister, with the two largest parties steadfastly opposed to the idea, remained to be seen. Andrade r e s i g n e d, informed sources said, when he and Goulart split irrevocably over the selec- tion of Navy and Air Force min- isters for a new cabinet. This set off a spate of rumors that unrest was seething in the Navy and Air Force commands. The First Army commander in Rio ordered his troops to maintain order, and other commanders fol- lowed suit. Two deputies were mentioned as the most likely candidates for the vacant prime minister's job. in Oran guerrilla command ordered a 5 P.M. curfew, a move which appar- ently had the full backing of French troops. Nationalist Premier Ben Yous- sef Ben Khedda called for an end to the demonstrations in a radio address. He said every Algerian must return to his work Friday to help build a prosperous new nation. No Challenge Ben Khedda also said his re- gime "will tolerate no challenge to its authority," and urged all Algerians to respect the authority of his government. The address was an appeal for popular support in Ben Khedda's dispute with disident army fac- tions and the runaway Vice Premier Ahmed Ben Bella. An' army leader who claimed he spoke for 10,000 Algerian national- ist troops in Morocco said yester- day the troops would take no orders from Ben Khedda's govern- ment. He said they would obey on- ly the new defunct General Staff or the National Committee of the Algerian Revolution, a sort of nationalist legislative body. The split in the nationalist lead- ership earlier brought the threat of fratricidac civil war to Algeria. The day's violence in Oran threat- ened what had been at best an uneasy peace between the Euro- pean and Moslem communities. Rea Unit Seeks Study Funds For Survey Dean of Men Walter B. Rea is a member of a committee attempt- ing to sponsor survey research into the relationships between admin- istrators and students at colleges and universities throughout the country. The 'eight-man committee, part of the National Association of Student Personnel Workers, will need a foundation grant, however, before the year-long study can be started. Rea douted it could begin this fall. The proposed survey would probe areas such as speaker poli- cies, student government, student participation in policy-making and the objectives themselves of stu- dent affairs administrators. In the form of lengthy ques- tionnaires and personal interviews with student leaders, the study would take place at various pri- vate, secular and state-supported schools. The institutions would be selected by random sampling. Rea said the area of inquiry had never received any thorough, scientifically - based study, and "there is much useful information that might be brought out." U.S. Seeks Japanese Capital JOHN F. KENNEDY ... tax cuts Cites Demand For 'Tax Cut By MALINDA BERRY Special To The Daily WASHINGTON-President John F. Kennedy declared that "seri- ous consideration" was being giv- en to industry and labor demands for quick tax reduction and plug- ged for his farm and medical care for the aged programs at his news conference yesterday. But the President made it clear he will not be rushed into alter- ing his announced plan to send Congress a major tax reform and reduction bill which would be ef- fective next Jan. 1. "We are continuing to watch the basic indicators of the economy. If we feel that the situation war- rants a tax cut, then of course we will recommend it," he said. Although the administration would prefer to stick to its present timetable, Kennedy emphasized that the United States Chamber+ of Commerce and AFL-CIO rec- ommendations coming from lead- ers of business and labor are be- ing seriously considered by the ad- ministration. The chamber last week proposed immediate across-the-board cuts in personal and corporate income tax rates, giving greatest relief to business firms and upper-income families. The AFL-CIO has been calling, with growing intensity, for tax relief concentrated in the low and middle income brackets to spur consumer demands. Kennedy opened the news con- ference with a statement express- ing strong support for his farm program. He declared that his predeces- sors have been recommending a bi-partisan approach since 1945 and he is "hoping for favorable action" on it. Kennedy. plugging for passage of medicare plan, expressed sur- prise at American doctors' hostil- ity to his program. "Their reluctance is incompre- hensible," he said, "because my plan involves payment of hospital bills-not doctor's fees." TOKYO (P)-The Kennedy ad- ministration has invited Japanese industry to expand onto American soil, but the prospect of any takers appears slim. A high ranking United States embassy official confirmed yester- day that a suggestion that Japa- nese invest in building factories in the United States was forwarded "several months ago" to the Japa- nese foreign ministry. He said no response has yet been made. The American official said the suggestion was contained in a "communication which called at- tention to the possibilities of at- tractive investment in the states." Lure Capital The move is part of a broad campaign to lure investment capi- tal from all the industrialized countries to the United States. Secretary of Commerce Luther H. NEA Creates 'Blackballing' Districtf lan D E N V E R (A") - The National Education Association moved yes- terday toward use of retaliatory action against school districts where negotiations fail 'to settle disputes. The effect would be to "black- ball" the school district, discour- age teachers from other districts from taking positions there, and give wide publicity to the condi- tions which brought on the sanc- tions. This would be the NEA's ulti- mate weapon, instead of teacher strikes which it has long opposed. Hodges last year set up an office devoted exclusively to attempting to attract foreign capital. In the background was a per- sistent deficit in the United States balance of payments, which sees more money leave the United States each year than goes in. If Europeans and the Japanese send over funds to build factories these investments would reduce the pay- ments deficit. Seek Industry Brochures made up by Wichita, Kan. and Wilmington, N.C., com- munities actively seeking new in- dustry, were included because they were available here. The U.S. off i- cial mentioned Maine, New Jer- sey and West Coast areas as other potential sites for development. The foreign ministry said the matter had to be studied by vari- ous ministries as well as business circles before a position is taken. In Washington, an official said the idea was first broached to the Japanese during joint meetings in Tokyo last fall of members of the American and Japanese cabinets. The plan envisions the construc- tion of plants that would manu- facture Japanese products for sale in the Western Hemisphere. There is no idea of importing Japanese labor to man such factories, though it might be necessary to have some foreign managerial and technical personnel on hand. Stumbling Block One stumbling block would be in acquiring enough foreign ex- change dollars to get under way. Japan, as does America, has an adverse balance of payments sit- uation, more dollars going out than coming in. The Finance Ministry would give protracted study to any proposal before granting permis- sion for a huge capital outlay for use in the United States. Japanese industry, to hold over- seas markets, has expanded into Southeast Asia, and Latin Amer- ica, but there has been no indica- tion it needs American plants to maintain its $1.5 billion export business to the United States. Study Plans For Center' Officials at the Veterans Read- juctment Center are pondering what to do with personnel and psychiatric training facilities left in the lurch when the state Legis- lature last week decided to trans- fer the center's functions to a sol- diers' home in Grand Rapids. Prof. M. M. Frohlich, director of the VRC, said yesterday that per- sonnel are being given the oppor- tunity to continue their work else- where on campus, with most of the positions at the psychiatric center in the University Hospital. The VRC building itself will be closed down after Sept. 1. The center will attempt to complete treatment on as many patients as it can, then transfer the patients to the best possible facilities else- where. Free Treatment The patients, all World War II or Korean War veterans, receive their treatment free. Personnel to take care of them, as well as re- ceive training in psychiatric work, include nurses, psychiatrists, so- cial workers and occupational therapists. None of these individuals-a to- tal of about 55-has left the Uni- versity for positions at other col- leges or in private practice, Prof. Frohlich said. Although all the personnel can be reassigned somewhere within the University, if the closing down is a permanent move, "there will have to be fewer residents and per- sonnel in the future." Own Center The University does own the VRC building, but no funds are available to operate it for any sort of medical function, he said. The VRC for the previous 15 years had received a $346,000 ap- propriation from the Legislature for the express purpose of treat- ing veterans' psychiatric cases, but "phased out" the facility after Rep. James B. Warner (R-Ypsi- lanti) led a fight to transfer its operations, claiming it was over- expensive and criticized by veter- ans groups. INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT: To Offset Court Decision <"> Republicans, Plan To Add, Senate Seats Verdict May Require New Apportionment For Constitutionality By PHILIP SUTIN State Senate Republicans are preparing a "vehicle" to meet any State Supreme Court decision that the present Senate apportionment is unconstitutional. The "vehicle," devised by Sen- ators Haskell Nichols (R-Jackson), Perry Greene (R-Grand Rapids), Lynn Francis (R-Midland) and Harold Hughes (R-Clare) is the Constitutional Convention's ap-' portionment scheme that would add four seats to the Senate - one each from Wayne, Genesee, Macomb and Oakland counties. Instead of going into effect in 1970, the plan would be placed on the November election ballot as a constitutional amendment. Court Action The Senate's actions will depend on the court's decision, Sen. Far- rell Roberts (R-Pontiac) explained. The Judiciary Committee would meet and this plan would become the basis for action. Revisions might have to be made, however, if the court set guidelines for carrying out reapportionment, he added. Senate Judiciary Committee chairman Carlton H. Morris (R- Kalamazoo) was optimistic that the court would find the appor- tionment constitutional. "If for any reason the court decides otherwise, the committee would meet the same day," he ex- plained. NATIONAL NEWS ROUNDUP:I To Blast First H-Bomb At Nevada Testing Site By The Associated Press WASHINGTON-The mighty underground nuclear blast planned for today or soon thereafter in Nevada will be not only the most powerful atomic shot yet set off in this country but also the first known detonation of an H-bomb type device in the United States.' WASHINGTON-Employment rose sharply in June to a record 69.5 million but the usual school's-out surge of teen-agers into the '"labor force also sent unemploy- ment soaring. WASHINGTON - One of the most closely watched economic in- 1C dicators, the unemployment rate, behaved in a disappointing way in sJune. It edged up to reverse a slow but gradual downtrend of utilized to satisfy some of the in- more than a year.I Plan Battle The Democrats were also plan- ning for an apportionment battle Senate Minority Leader Raymond Dzenzel (D-Detroit) said that he will confer with Gov. John B. Swainson next week to draw up.a Democratic apportionment scheme. Differing from AFL-CIO Presi- dent August Scholle, who in his suit before the , state Supreme Court asks for a strictly popula- tion-based Senate, Dzenzel said some allowance must be made for area. He cited the Upper Peninsula, which on a population basis, he said, would be under-represented in the Senate with only one or one and a half Senators. Less Weight However, he added that any scheme would not be weighted as heavily towards rural areas as is the current Senate. Yesterday, the Supreme Court received a brief by Circuit Judge Creighton H. Coleman, a former Republican state Senator, in sup- port of the current apportion- ment. The Metropolitan areas will take complete monopolistic control of the state government if the Legis- lature is reapportioned along popu- lation lines, he charged. CAPITAL NEEDS: Costs Stall Social Resear "Large survey-research organi- There are extensive problems zation requires not only a large created by the high expenditure terests of sorely needed basic re- amount of capital to operate, but necessary f a r survey-research. search. WASHINGTON - President also a great diversification of in- Since the only available money Large-scale survey research, al- John F. Kennedy reached into the dividual talents and skills." Peter sore r ag rvt-opr-though money - consuming, has small circle of senior career ex- diviualtalntsand kils,"Petr ;sources are large private-corpora- little or no concrete results to Rossi said yesterday discussing ltons or the government, basic re- please government officials. Dif- perts on Russia yesterday and "Scholars, Researchers, and Policy , ti. ot bc r- gea gern nt ficiachose Foy DI Kohler as the next _ t ao fj ..y r w aa s' - - To Complete Budgret Details ! Tniv 4zif nffininlc w'1- r,M