'4 Special Congressional Whip r Ak4*Bgan Patty Seventy-First Year EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN "Where Opinions Are Free UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS TruthWill Prevail" STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG. * ANN ARBOR, MICH. * Phone NO 2-3241 Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints. SATURDAY, JULY 22, 1961 NIGHT EDITOR: MICHAEL OLINICK INTERPRETING THE NEWS: Bour guiba Running Serious Risks By J. M. ROBERTS Associated Press News Analyst PRESIDENT Habib Bourguiba is running serious risks through his attack on the French position in Tunisia and Algeria, and his rea- sons for doing so at this particular time are unclear. Bourguiba has built up a good reputation in the United States for his regime. His efforts as mediator in the French-Algerian dispute have been much appreciated despite the fact that his country's provision of a base for the Algerian rebels has at the same time aggravated the problems of our French ally. Only a few days ago Bourguiba was helping to arrange renewal of the Algerian peace talks. Now, by an armed attack on the French in Bizerte and in Algeria, he has violated the Western conscience with respect to the use of force Crisis in Berlin: Is This IT? ASTRONAUTS, austerity in Great Britain, the European Common Market, the death of school aid for at least one more session of Congress-all these go to make up the recent news. But none of them equal the Berlin situation in importance, in number of headlines, in con- tinuing impact. The difference? School aid, economics and space travel-these are the little extras that fill out the national and interna- tional scene. The Berlin crisis is no extra. It is (euphemis- tically-as Washington would have it) a matter of defense, a matter of foreign policy, and, in actuality, stripping the sugar coating from the politicians language-a matter of war. For what else does this talk of calling up the reserves, of proclaiming a national emer- gency, mean? The world is about to learn whether the error of Munich really was an error-or at least whether refusal to submit is any better. S THIS IT? -Is this to be The Last Crisis? Those who might know don't talk; and those who don't have any knowledge are afraid to --with one exception. Air Force Chief of Staff General Curtis LeMay is reported to have said that this country will be in a nuclear war by December - and no longer in existence next year. Looking more closely at the reasoning behind High Authority MILITARY LEADERS have long been prone to speechifying about the Communist Men- ace--personified, usually, by anemic little teachers who oppose ever-higher defense spend- ing. But, when Sen. J. William Fulbright asked the Senate to put a stop to generals who in-' doctrinated their troops with John Birch theories, Sen. Strom Thurmond of South Caro- lina decided to object. "In the Defense Department, among military personnel, lies the real bastion of knowledge and understanding of the Communist threat," he said, "knowledge . . . long since lacking in the White House, the State Department, and other agencies of the national government." So now'We know who is most qualified to talk about the Communist threat-it is the generals. UT BEING ALIVE, we are not really capable of appreciating their wisdom. Those soldiers who understood them best are now dead, buried with high honors and-quite fittingly-- still more speeches. The answer to John Birch generals is not to silence them. Rather, we-the audiences- should kill ourselves as the soldiers did, the better to understand. And, if enough people listen to them, it might be a very good idea to kill ourselves. We'd have so little to lose. --PETER STEINBERGER this, one finds a simple chain of logic-a chain that others of equal intelligence and knowledge agree with either in part or in whole. First, the United States is going to involve itself in a conventional war in Europe to keep Berlin. SECOND, the United States-with or without its allies-will lose any such war. This coun- try's army is much smaller than the Red army, equipped on a comparable technological level (which the Chinese have not yet reached- explaining Korea), and will be based an ocean's width from the scene of combat. Third, the ensuing rout will lead to a nuclear attack on Russia by the United States (or Bri- tian or France) in order to prevent the entire continent of Europe from being overrun by the Russian might. Two interesting supporting details may be noted. Former President and still General Dwight D. Eisenhower is agreed that no ground war in Europe can be won. And President John F. Kennedy has been having several closed luncheon meetings recently with Gen. Douglas MacArthur-the man who, with Eisenhower, is the highest ranking member of the armed -forces and who was the chief advocate of nu- clear attacks on Red China to keep from losing the conventional war in Korea. BUT IF LeMAY is right, this country-and all countries-are doomed. Let us then look (and pray) for a mistake in his argument. The most likely error in LeMay's stand comes in any assumptions he may make about the Russian's moves. But he does not appear to make any-whether deliberately or not, he hides the major fallacy in his argument. He tacitly assumes that the Soviet Union will start a conventional war in Europe over Berlin. Certainly, it will have to be action of some sort on their part-calculated action- that leads us to go to war. Will they take this action? FROM ALL THEIR international propaganda, it would appear that they are going to do so. And yet, Western journalists inside Russia re- port a strange lack of internal propaganda- directed either to a general war-scare and wild patriotism or to the Berlin and Germany issue. The Soviet hierarchy is not preparing its subjects for a war. They have not yet even brought out of their warehouses the enormous stacks of posters with the United States and allies pictured hungrily poised over Berlin (dressed for war, of course) that have been repeatedly used in the past. There has been, to observers' eyes, no de- tectable change in the tenor of Soviet life. So it seems that here.is where LeMay's reasoning falls down. AND IT SEEMS THAT-with the grace of God and Nikita Khrushchev (American leaders don't seem to be helping) -this is prob- ably not going to be IT. I hope. -ROBERT FARRELL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION: Re-Apportionment Controversy (EDITOR'S NOTE: The following is the fifth of a six-part analysis of the issues likely to be consid- ered at the forthcoming constitu- tional convention. Primary election for delegates to the convention is next Tuesday.) By JUDITH OPPENHEIM Daily Staff Writer THE MOST TALKED-ABOUT question up for consideration at the constitutional convention is reapportionment of legislative dis- tricts. The constitution presently pro- vides for a state Senate of 34 members and a House of Repre- sentative with 110. The House represents the state on a basis of population, while the Senate pro- vides for representation strictly by area. Although House membership is set at 110, the method for divid- ing the population into districts involves dividing the total state population, at each census, by 100. However, each country or group of counties forming a legislative district is given a representative when it reaches a population of at least one half of the normally specified population for a repre- sentative. This means that areas of rela- tively low population can get a representative when they have only one-half the full population requirement,'and in addition,'they may have an extra representative when they have reached a popu- lation of one and a half times the minimum required. * * * THE DISTRICTS, as far as pos- sible, are made to follow existing LETTERS to the EDITOR To the Editor: DAVID MARCUS, author of the editorial, "The U. S. Should Prevent Rocket Sales to the UAR" (July 11), is either displaying ig- norance or intellectual dishonesty, perhaps both. Neither are desir- able on the staff of The Daily and are an insult to the intelligence of the readers. It is our desire that such poor journalism will not occur again. -H. A. Ibraheemien, A.A.A1 -Peter Signorelli, '63 township, city and county boun- daries. This means that the repre- sentative districts vary enormously in size. This "moiety clause" en- ables districts with populations far below the established require- ment to have the same represen- tation as those exceeding the mini- mum. Prime instances of this can be seen in the Upper Peninsula where all seven representative districts have populations below the re- quirement, ranging from 51.7 to 78.7 per cent of the required figure. In south and southern Michigan, the Bay County district has 138.8 per cent and Wayne County 100.6 per cent. The purpose of the Senate is to be representative of area rather than population. There is, correspondingly, variation in popu- lation within the senatorial dis- tricts. * * * THE NET EFFECT of both the senatorial division according to territory and division for the House of Representatives (which permit districts far below average size to have representation) is that the rural areas of the state are highly over - representated while the metropolitan, highly populatedareas are vastly under- represented. This results in bitter rivalry be- tween the metropolitan interests and the rural interests, with the rural districts generally gaining the advantage because of strength of numbers. Thus the Legislature, totally un- representative of the real popu- lation and needs of the state con- tinues to pass measures of benefit to the increasing minority of citi- zens in out-state districts, while the growing majority in the big cities (particularly Detroit, Sag- inaw, Flint and Grand Rapids) fight a losing battle for recog- nition of their needs. * * * THE FACT that metropolitan representatives are usually Demo- cratic while those from the rural districts tend to be Republican means that the Legislature is slightly more conservative than the general thinking of the state's population would warrant, and also that the governor, who is elected by popular vote, is often a Demo- crat who has a difficult time working co-operatively with his Republican legislature. Con-con then will need to look into several aspects of the repre- sentation issue. It will have to analyse the senatorial districts to see whether better ones can be devised than are now in the con- stitution. The moiety clause will have to be eliminated and the method for determining the average figure for representation in the House will have to -be studied and possibly amended to divide the population by 110, the actual size of the House (rather than the fictional number of 100). * * * OTHER SMALL FEATURES of the legislative article which may be amended include legislative aids, such as research facilities, and legislative salaries. Another question is the possi- bility of having the state legis- lature meet quarterly instead of annually. In 1951, the state con- stitution was amended to provide for the Legislature's meeting yearly instead of biennially. However, since the work load for the state senators and repre- sentatives is constantly increas- ing, it has been suggested that the Legislature increase the frequency of its sessions, thus moving to- ward the concept of the "full time legislator" Biding T-ime "ISRAEL IS BIDING ITS TIME, as the Arabs well know and about which they often complain. Contrary to the Arab propaganda line, time is on Israel's side. "Time, after all, is the great legitimizer of national status. With each passing year, theoreti- cal boundaries conceived in 1947 recede into the background, and the existing border achieves in- ternational status. "With each passing year, world pressure for refugee resettlement mounts. With each passing year her population grows and her economy is strengthened, and the "silent miracle" of Israel's eco- nomic growth since 1948 goes on." -Gil Kollin "The Student Zionist" to settle political disputes, and at the same time creates resentment in at least some Arab areas by seeming to claim a position in part of the Sahara which the Algerian Arabs also claim as the most sen- sitive point in the negotiations. * . * BY ATTACKING France at this critical moment in the Algerian affair, Bourguiba will appear in the West as seeking to profit from a situation which is troublesome enough already. France, in yielding to Tunisian independence claims in 1956, vir- tually agreed in principle that she would have to get out of the mili- tary base at Bizerte eventually, but succeeded in making the tim- ing a matter of future negotiation. Bourguiba may be entitled to some exasperation over France's avoid- ance of such negotiations, espe- cially in view of the pressure on him from Arab sympathy with neighboring Algerians. * * * HE ADMITS that the use of force can, in the end, prove useful only as a political demonstration, rather than a direct means of French expulsion. Yet by the very adoption of force he foregoes much if not all of the general world sympathy which a political demonstration is intended to arouse. There is a growng realization in France that the only position she can maintain in Africa de- pends upon mutual interests rath- er than upon force. The growth of that realization has produced some success in her relations with for- mer dependencies, but its ascend- ancy in French minds can only be slowed by too much pushing. At this point, Bourguiba's image in the United States may be suf- fering from poor public relations, his reasoning having been largely overshadowed in the news reports by the violent action. But at the moment his Western friends are embarrassed by his intemperance, and his Arab friends by the pos- sible effect on the cause of the Al- gerians. Revlisionism Critcized 'THE MATERIALISTIC dialectic considers that the struggle between opposites is absolute, while the unity is relative. If we speak of their essential differ- ences, these opposites determine the definite line of demarkation which cannot be ignored solely because of their unity and mutual transformation. "This is one of the main themes of the Marxist-Leninist teaching about the class struggle is pre- cisely the practical application of this theoretical principle. "BUT PRESENT-DAY revision- ism does not admit this revolution- ary theoretical principle. It de- stroys the essential distinction be- tween the two opposites, as if the struggle between them were not absolute and as if the unity of contradictions were absolute. "This sophistic attitude is exact' ly reflected in a revisionist atti- tude towards the class struggle, particularly the international class struggle." -Chang Pei "A Criticism of the Sophism of Present-Day Revisionism"' Caretaker "BY EVERY STEP we make to- ward making this state a caretaker of our allies, by that much more do we move toward making that state our master." 1 -Dwight D. Eisenhower COMMUNISM: Latin Question By BERTRAM B. JOHANSSON WHICH of the two top billing events in Latin America will attract the most attention? Will it be Soviet spaceman Yuri A. Gagarin's scheduled visit to Havana for Premier Fidel Castro's July 26 anniversary celebrations next week? Or the Inter-American Economic Conference beginning near Montevideo, Uruguay, Aug. 5? Which will win the most friends in Latin America? These are the sobering questions facing Latin-American and United States economists, government of- ficials and publicists who for months have been laying the sta- tistical and ideological groundwork for the economic conference. It is scheduled to take place next month in midwinter at Uruguay's famous beach resort, Punte del Este. There is no doubt that cosmon- aut Gagarin's appearance will de- light the canny publicist, Fidel Castro, and many of his Cuban sympathizers. There may even be an unveiling of Soviet MIG fight- er planes, for extra measure. * * * ACTUALLY, the mammoth af- fair in Havana may well whip up a backlash of publicity on which Premier Castro may not be count- ing. There are others in the hemis- phere, once strong sympathizers with the Cuban leader, who will interpret the Gagarin visit as further evidence of an ever- deeping commitment of Premier Castro to an alien ideology. Diplomatic sources in Havana and Washington believe Premier Castro may also announce for- mation of an "all-powerful pro- letarian party" at the July 26 cele- brations. This may mean the for- mal merging of his July 26 move- ment into the Cuban Popular So- cialist (Communist) Party, The new party, is expected to arise from a movement called the Integrated Revolutionary Organ- ization which diplomats believe will become the sole official party of Cuba. Premier Castro may have to de- vise another socialist constitution to make his decree "legal," which would allow the Cuban leader to authorize "democratic" one party elections. MEANWHILE, reports are cir- culating in Washington that Presi- dent Kennedy may not be able to atten d the important Inter-Ameri- can conference at Punte del Este because of the serious pressures of the West Berlin situation. The administration's hope is that Kennedy might be able to lend his official presence at Punte del Este to demonstrate his spe- cial interest - and it is that, keenly so - in Latin American economic progress and hemispher- ic unity. This is a time when both Premier Castro's Cuba and Soviet and Chinese Communist efforts at Latin-American infiltration are reaching new intensities. FOR, IN EFFECT, the special conference of the Inter-American Economic and Social Council at the ministerial level will repre- sent, for all practical purposes, the kickoff of President Kennedy's Alliance for Progress proposals in Latin America. The disposition of much of the $500 million Act of Bogota funds, voted by Congress at Kennedy's request, will be con- sidered at the Uruguay conference. For months now, financial and economic experts from Latin and North America, with the help of the Organization of American States, the Inter-American Devel- opment Bank, and the United Na- tions Economic Commission for Latin America, have been, working up studies thathare intended to shed light on the basic problem. This problem is how to advance social and economic reforms by means of evolutionary rather than violent revolutionary methods that will be felt and recognized by the lowly peasant and malnourished city dweller as population increases five per cent annually, the swift- est rate in the world. * * * MORE, the administration is l-,n.-n 4in in nr.ao infl int ar.faPA I 4 A I Aid to Education Too Expensive THE SHARP SETBACK just suffered by, the federal aid to education program should clarify a number of things. The decision of the House of Representatives' Rules Committee to table three major bills shows first of all that too many price tags had been attached to the pro- gram. The final and decisive one was the de- mand that aid to parochial schools must ac- company public school aid. The committee double-riveted its action by killing a motion to reconsider. This does not wholly remove any possibility of by-passing the Rules blockade, but House leaders consider the revival of school aid in this session unlikely. The situation spotlights particularly the'diffi- culties the question poses for the President. HE NOW URGES fresh efforts to get the program through Congress. He describes it emphatically as the most important domestic legislation he had requested. But so far it has not appeared that the administration was using as vigorous political tactics for school aid as it has used in getting other measures through Congress. Of course the issue raises special problems for Kennedy. A* few years ago while in Congress he proposed aid for parochial schools. But then he changed his position. Later, in the election campaign he urged "an America where separa- tion of church and state is absolute" and where no "church school is granted public funds." When the Roman Catholic bishops insisted Editorial Staff MICHAEL BURNS....................Co-Editor SUSAN FARRELL .......................... Co-Editor DAVE KIMBALL....................... Sports Editor RUTH EVENHUIS........................Night Editor MICHAEL OJJNICK......................Night Editor mTTTTH t- rEN WM -nU1-+-------NihtEdit *r. that parochial school aid be included with federal funds for public schools the President said that the questions should be considered separately by Congress. But he did not call off his aides who sought ways to give long-term low-interest loans to parochial schools. And there was no public protest from him when public school aid was held up for weeks while plans for nonpublic aid were devised. INDEED the President now says he agrees that loans to church schools for "specific pur- poses" would -not be unconstitutional. This ap- pears to mean that he will make no decisive effort to rescue the aid-to-education program by freeing it from the encumbering proposal for loans to parochial schools-which would not be so strongly sought if they did not in fact pro- vide aid. Without such separation few Wash- ington observers believe the general program can be rescued. That the President should now be unwilling to press his demand for separation may be due more to the influence of his political advisers than to that of his church's leaders. For these advisers originally put him forward as able to carry key states by enlisting strong Roman Catholic support. Their estimates were con- firmed in the election. -They do not wish to have that situation changed in another elec- tion. MANY CONGRESSMEN are under similar pressure-both ways. They fear that any vote will offend Catholics or Protestants and are quite content to let the Rules Committee save them from such perils. The entire situa- tion underscores the unhappy lesson already learned by many other countries-that aid to church schools tends to open a Pandora's box of divisive and damaging controveries. -CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR A g:.}:rN ac5 }st} .n!rc........rv."............ nx..cv=x....".......... . rs.+x. x" ....+f...+w.._..............,..._...a..... ........_.,.. .................................. DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETIN :t}S;r:J.'Y}V}1.^"l4.r;S .::114::;'4""::'::' ""::.1:.4;.""°"..."".:Y:"4t'"i:" :,.-.-. .... r..r".., .,. ***.:t**Y*".4P a - The Daily Official Bulletin is an official publication of The Univer- sity of Michigan for which The Michigan Daily assumes no editorial responsibility. Notices should be sent in TYPEWRITTEN form to Room 3519 Administration Building, before 2 p.m., two days preceding publication. SATURDAY, JULY 20 'f T 2 - . Events Sunday Recital: William Eifrig, organist, will be heard in a recital on Sun., July 23 at 4:15 p.m. in Hill Aud., presented in partial fulfillment of the require- ments for the degree Doctor of Musi- cal Arts, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies. He will perform the compositions of Buxtehude, Scheidt, Mozart, Hinemith and Reubke. Prof. Marilyn Mason is chairman of his doctoral committee. Open to the pub- lir. Department of English Language and Literature, will speak on "What Will English Be Good for in 1970?" on Mon., July 24 at 4 p.m. in Aud. C. Placement PERSONNEL REQUESTS: Management Consultants, N.Y.C. - High-salaried senior positions in client firms: Operations Director-BSME, thor- ough knowledge of purchasing & 10 yrs. aircraft-oriented exper. Asst. Dis- ices. Grad. with either Engrg. degree or some ME or Safety Engrg. courses. Substantial safety engrg. exper. with insurance co. or in industry desirable. To assist insured mfgrg. firm in plan- ning & developing of accident preven- tion programs. Fergus Falls Public Library, Fergus Falls, Minn.-Head Librarian for re- cently remodeled & enlarged public li- brary. Grad. with degree in Library Science. U.S. Dept. of Navy-Civilian job op- nnrinma fn a__call, A-- ,-