MUSIC SCHOOL SHIFT: TWO-SIDED COIN See Page 2 C, 4c Seventy Years of Editorial Freedom :43 iin CLOUDY, WARM High-86 Low-60 Good chance of thunderstorms in the afternoon VOL. LXXI, No. 9S ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, TUESDAY, JULY 11, 1961 FIVE CENTS FOUR PAGES Encounter No Crisis On 'Ride' Two Places Deny Negroes Service By RUTH EVENHUIS The "Freedom Ride" to Dear- born proceeded without incident Saturday. Forty-nine Negro and white per- sons were served in all but two of the 23 establishments tested. Small Negro groups were re- fused entrance into a restaurant which was reported closed for cleaning. A similar group was denied the use of a bowling alley's facilities on the grounds that no alleys were vacant. White "con- trol" groups were served in both instances shortly thereafter. CORE, YD's Participate Representatives of the Detroit and the Ann Arbor Congress On Racial Equality and Michigan Young Democrats conducted the tests in restaurants and bowling alleys. CORE co-ordinator Anna Holden said that the restaurants tested were in both East and West Dearborn and that a cross-section of upper and lower class establish- ments was maintained. Three weeks ago, a smaller CORE group tested 13 restaurants and obtained service in 11 of them. Miss Holden said that many of the restaurants tested which did not practice overt discrimina- tion did display "minor discrimi- nation" in inferior service. Given Poorer Service Negroes were frequently given poorer tables than the white "con- trol group" following them. There also appeared to be some instances of increased prices for Negroes, Miss Holden said. While in many cases, the Ne- gro groups were served without consternation, Miss Holdenhsaid that occasionally consultations with the manager and some ten- sion preceded service. There was also some personal discrimination and rudeness. Although they question whether, in some instances, the success of the test cases might not be do to a desire to avoid publicity, the of- ficers of the participating groups said that they are "encouraged by their findings." They plan fur- ther tests in Dearborn. Demonstrators Charge Bias At Crystal Pool More than 60 people are op- posing alleged discrimination at Crystal Pool in Oak Park. A "stand-in" has been in prog- ress since Saturday when the management refused admittance to Negroes. The pool is privately owned and charges admission. Users must fill out membership cards at the door before being admitted. Conduct 'Stand-in' Teen-age members of the De- troit Youth Congress On Racial Equality and of the Detroit Brotherhood League are conduct- ing the "stand-in". Two white persons entered the pool in suburban Detroit Satur- day just before the inter-racial group was refused admittance. The group remained in line outside the subsequently closed pool until mid- afternoon while unsuccessful at- tempts were made to talk with the manager. Cites Privacy Henning Rylander, the pool's manager. said the club is a pri- vate organization operated by a corporation. "If we like their looks, we let anyone in," he said. "No, there have never been any Ne- groes admitted." Co-ordinator of Ann Arbor CORE, Ann Holden, said that the membership cards are a device which has sheltered the pool from legal interference. The case has come to court several times in the past five years. The group will meet today to decide further action. Court Postpones -Daily-Edward Langs UNITED NATIONS-Prof. Henry Bretton, of the political science department, left, Theodore Ntoampe from Basutoland, Africa and Prof. Preston Slosson, of the history department, spoke at a pan- el discussion on the UN last night. IBretton Cites Need For Efective UN By MALINDA BERRY "There is no future in the United Nations unless a modus opper- andi exists between the powers .of the East and West," Prof. Henry Bretton, of the political science department, said last night at a panel discussion about the UN and Africa sponsored by the American Asso- ciation for United Nations. "Unless a method of operation is adopted, the UN will become either an almsgiving agency to the poor or it will just disappear," he continued. And the UN is vital to African affairs. It first was interjected in- to African affairs in many spheres: technical assistance; trustee- ,ships; and in the arbitration of -uw r.. smallnllftvenIha" c i ±u uee- UNION: Tshombe Endorses Concept LEOPOLDVILLE () - Seces- sionist Katanga seemed yesterday to have again endorsed the idea of Congolese national unity. A United Nations envoy, Mah- moud Khiari of Tunisia, announc- ed the necessity for reconvening the Congo's national parliament. There's one hitch. Tshombe in- sisted in weekend negotiations with Khiari in Elisabethville, Ka- tanga's capital, on a preliminary meeting with President Joseph Kasavubu and Antoine Gizenga, the Lumumbist leader, "in neutral territory outside the Congo." Can Resolve Problem "We do not think this will be possible," Khiari told newsmen. "All other factions are agreed on the desirability of preliminary summit talks and I think the secondary dispute over the place for such a meeting can be re- solved." The Tunisia'n diplomat said the UN hopes the three leaders will get together at Lovanium Uni- versity, outside Leopoldville. The campus is still being prepared as the site for a parliament session originally called for June 25. Delay Parliament Hostility of Tsbombe as a result of two months of imprisonment by Kasavubu's government last spring, slow assembly of parlia- mentarians asnd the need for se- curity precautions to seal off the campus have contributed to delay in convocation of the parliament. Despite the UN's official op- timism, secondary disputes in the past over the place for high-level meetings among Congolese poli- ticians have frequently blocked the meetings. Welfare Man Quits in Fight Over New Plan NEWBURGH, N.Y. () - City Welfare Commissioner John O'- Donnell resigned yesterday, re- fusing to administer a proposed new program tightening welfare requirements. He said the stricter welfare regulations, planned by the Re- publican-controlled city council to go into effect Saturday, are in conflict with state welfare laws. Shortly before O'Donnell's res- ignation, Orange County Demo- cratic Chairman Sears Hunter added his support to Democratic Mayor William Ryan in opposi- tion to the proposed 13-point wel- fare revision program. Hunter saw the welfare changes as an effort by one segment of Republicans to embarrass Repub- lican Gov. Nelson A. Rockefeller and the State Soial Welfare Board. He also claimed it would result in bad publicity for New- burgh. Actually, the program has at- tracted praise as well as condem- nation since it gained nationwide attention. The new program cuts off aid to mothers of illegitimate children who continue to have more such children. It also denies aid to able-bodied men unless they agree to work on municipal projects. U.S. Weighs Af ter Soviet NATO Seeks 77 777 May Ask UN To Mediate .i Ryan Gives hIj uction NEW YORK (iF) - Federal Judge Sylvester J. Ryan yester- day granted the government an 80-day Taft-Hartley law injunc- tion against renewal of the na- tional maritime strike. Ryan dated the start of the 80- day cooling off period from last Monday, when he originally ended the 18-day strike with a restrain- ing order. The Taft-Hartley law process was invoked by President John F. Kennedy. It was based upon re- ports by his fact-finders that the economy could ill afford contin- uance of the multimillion dollar strike of 82,000 seamen. The government claimed that the strike tied up nearly 500 American shills in 30 port cities. More than 400 others rode out the emergency at sea. Defense Threats smal disputes. wnen the trustee- ships became critical, the UN set up a more efficient machinery in Africa, Prof. Bretton said. "Most Africans expectnthe UN not to itnerfere in internal affairs. However, the Africans need the UN: first, to assure independence after it is achieved. Second, to keep the cold war off the backs of the Africans as far as possible." The UN has a utility for Africa. It can help guide towards inde- pendence. "It can settle disputes. The UN is useful to Africa because whenever there are disputes the great powers get into the act." The UN can also aid Africa by giving a form to the aid poured into that continent. And the UN does have facilities to move in during crises-this was recognized by the Africans during the Congo crisis, he continued. The UN also offer personnel, can cover up the political impli- cations of foreign aid, and through agencies as WHO and UNESCO, can de-politicize the world's con- tributions," Bretton said. Reappraisal Of Defense Conduct New Survey Of European Needs PARIS (An) - Officials said yes- terday they are conducting a new study of defense needs in Western Europe under a directive from the recent conference of North Atlan- tic Treaty Organization foreign ministers in Oslo. But they said the alliance's mil- itary experts have not yet reached any conclusions on current needs. Nor has there been any decision linked to an impending crisis with the Soviet Union over the status of West Berlin, they added. This was confirmed by American official sources who said the mili- tary situation is under constant study within the NATO permanent council, its military committee, and the three-nation standing group in Washington. In Oslo last May the foreign ministers instructed NATO to make a new assessment of mili- tary needs and report back to the full NATO ministerial council next December. This would be NATO's regular review sessions in Paris in the early part of December when the foreign, defense and finance min- isters of the 15 member nations convent to prepare the NATO pro- gram for the coming year. Reliable sources said that cur- rent NATO force goal for Western Europe is 30 divisions, a level set by NATO planners in 1957. As far as is known, even this rela- tively modest goal, which repre- sented a sharp cutback from goals set at Lisbon in 1952 ,has never been met. The present strength of NATO powers in Europe is about 22 di- visions, including two underman- ned French units." Kim Affirms Ties with China TOKYO 0P)-Premier Kim Il- Sung of North Korea yesterday reaffirmed in effusive praise his country's ties with Communist China. President Liu Shao-Chi re- sponded by congratulating Kim on a new mutual defense pact linking the Soviet Union and North Ko- rea. The treaty, signed in Moscow last week, is generally regarded in the West as a challenge to Pei- ping's influence in the Asian Communist satellite. But Liu said it strengthens the Communist bloc as a whole, in addition to enhancing Soviet-North Korean cooperation. The speeches were exchanged at a banquet in Peiping for Kim. -AP wirephoto DEFENSE CHIEF--Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara yes- terday announced that the United States is reappraising its de- fense program. President Makes Appeal For ForeignAid Funds WASHINGTON (')-President John F. Kennedy asked the Amer- ican people yesterday to spend $4.8 billion on foreign aid, saying it would buy freedom, security, and peace. "'d much rather have us do it this way . . ." he said, "tlan to have to send American boys to do it." Kennedy's appeal will be carried to the nation by the Citizens Committee for International Development. Thirty members assembled i the r d UOe 5arrl4 of th Whit.4U Columbia Says Our Century Too Complicated To Teach Contemporary civilization has just become too complicated and specialized for an ordinary contemporary faculty man to teach, Co- lumbia College educators confessed yesterday. The New York university has "suspended" its compulsory sopho- more course in Contemporary Civilization (1914 to present) after a faculty committee regretfully admitted the complexities of the mod- ern world were just too much to grope with. Still Available The required freshman course, Contemporary Civilization A, will not be affected. Contemporary Civilization B, the sophomore course, will still be available, but only ast in cre rose gar aen of tewnie House to hear him record the ap- peal. Calls Bill 'Vital' Kennedy described the bill as "probably the most vital piece of legislation in the national inter-f est that may be before the coun- try this year." Kennedy said that he could say, as former President Dwight D. Eisenhower once did, that if the United States fails to meet its responsibilities in the foreign aid program, "other countries must! inevitably fall." Asks Support "Freedom for ourselves and others is not purchased lightly," Kennedy said, adding: "I want to ask the American people to support this program in the fight for our own security and the fight for peace." In a statement of policy, the citizens committee said it consid- ered Kennedy's proposal for long- term development loans "a mod- ernized, business-type approach to foreign aid." The committee said this could be achieved without sacrificing annual reviews by Congress. Stevenson Says Plan To Help Whole Nations, GENEVA (AP) - Ambassador Adlai E. Stevenson yesterday said the United States government plans to make sure that its for- eign aid funds "shall be used, not to enrich the few, but to improve the lot of the many." The United States delegate to the United Nations told the UN Economic and Social Council: "While the United States can- not make decisions for other coun- tries on measures to foster social justice, we plan to offer induce- ments to make it attractive for any developing country to under- take internal changes in its own best interest." He added that "the crucial ne- cessity is that aid shall be used effectively by governments willing to make economic and social re- forms so that it will benefit not only a few, but the people as a whole." Berlin Crisis Kennedy Asks Study Of Military Strength As Reds Boost Arms WASHINGTON (,?)-On direct order from President John F. Kennedy, the United States yes- terday began a new weighing of its military might against a back- ground of Communist saber-rat- tling over Berlin. But from the diplomatic side came word that the whole perilous Berlin-German situation may go to the United Nations. The Defense Department an- nounced the re-examination and a few hours later White House Press Secretary Pierre Salinger confirm- ed earlier reports that the Presi- dent ordered the callover as a re- sult of Saturday's belligerent threats from Moscow. Confers with Aides Kennedy's decision was reached in Saturday conferences with his top defense and diplomatic lieu- tenants and the study began yes- terday, Salinger said. He added he did not know how long it would last. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara announced the fresh examination of United States war capabilities. He called it "the sim- plest precaution" in the wake of Saturday's announcement by So- viet Premier Nikita Khrushchev that Russia is boosting its mili- tary spending and dropping plans to cut its armied 'forces by a nil-. lion men. Secretary of State Dean Rusk said "at some stage" the whole question of Berlin might very well "come to the, attention of the United Nations." Declines Estimate Answering questions after a speech at the National Press Club, Rusk declined to estimate the gravity of the war threat in the Berlin dispute. But he said the is- sue will be around for months and "must be soberly dealt with." In his speech, Rusk reiterated the long-held United States view that the Soviet Union has deliber- ately plunged the world into con- tinuing crisis by seeking to "im- pose a world of coercion" on all non-Communists. Rusk said1 "the underlying crisis of the generation arises from the fact that the Soviet Union did not join the United Nations, in fact as well as in form, and lend itself to the (peaceful) commitments they and the rest of us made in the midst of a great war." Strengthen Forces Touching on the military as- pect, Rusk said the United States is moving to strengthen the free world's ability to meet "the varie- ty of dangers which have to be confronted." Shortly before McNamara issued his statement, Deputy Secretary of Defense Roswell L. Gilpatric told a Senate appropriations com- mittee the re-examination was or- dered by Kennedy, and that a factor in the decision was a dis- play of advanced Russian airpow-' er in Moscow Sunday. Currently, McNamara, said, "we are as strong-if not stronger- than any potential aggressor, add- ing : "But in the face of the ines- capable realities that confront us, such as threats to dispossess us of our rightful presence in Ber- lin, we can do not less than re- examine our needs. This we are doing." NAACP Told To Speed Fight PHILADELPHIA (R)-The Na- tional Association for the Ad- vancement of Colored People was - one of several alternatives. After a three-year "suspension" as a required course, it will be decided whether a new college- wide sophomore course can, or should be, designed. The faculty committee-headed by Prof. David B. Truman-chair- man of the Department of Public Law and Government-cited "dis- proportionate numbers of junior officers of instruction and low staff morale." Inexperienced Teachers With an unduly high propor-. tion of the teaching of such re- quired courses in the hands of in- experienced teachers," it said too many "regard their obligation to teach Contemporary Civilization as the substantial price to be paid for employment at Columbia, not as an intellectual challenge to their professional skill." While the freshman subject THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH: 'Great God Average' Hurts Nation's Slow Learners By PETER STEINBERGER Local control of education and a national worship of "the great god Average" have prevented us from properly educating the 30 per cent of high school students called "slow learners." This was the analysis given an audience of English teachers and education school students yester- day by Prof. Donald Miller of William Woods College, Missouri. Prof. Miller said that insistence on completely local control of teacher qualification has pre- vented any national level of quali- fication similar to that of doctors and lawyers. Mediocre Teachers So poor English teachers join forces with a national tendency +o +hink t+hat PvarvnnP eaon nrnfit fresh from college who don't have the skill to teach anybody any- thing, he said, or else they can be older incompetents who volunteer for "difficult" classes to mask their failure to teach anything to regu- lar classes. Describes Articles Prof. Miller described most arti- cles on successful experiences teaching slow learners of the "How I Once Grew Chartreuse Petunias" variety. "They don't get very far and they obscure the real issues," he said. "We don't know the answers even to such simple questions as whether or not 'slow' classes should be read to more by teach- ers." He noted that there is no pres- tige attaphed n tonhinr dulls tu-I when I was superintending Eng- lish teachers in Kansas City. "Some very eager intern teacher would be in the front of a "C" class pournig out intricate details, and a student would give up and say 'I'm too dumb to learn that.' Student Outsmarts Teacher "The intense teacher would say, 'No you're not, Dan!'-but in this case the student was smarter than the teacher." Prof. Miller urged homogenous grouping of students so that all slow learners could be taught to- gether. He said that a stigma in being place in a 'dumb' class couldn't be avoided, but it could be minimized if the pupils found that they learned something in the class, and if their teacher was I competent.