M £tr4tgaidDail & Seventy-First Year EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN "Where Opinions Are Free UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS Truth Will Prevail" STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG. * ANN ARBOR, MICH. * Phone NO 2-3241 Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints. TUESDAY, AUGUST 15, 1961 NIGHT EDITOR: PETER STEINBERGER "And Your Co-Pilot This Morning" PENTAGON CHANGES: McNamara Influences Men, Organization '4 I By HANSON W. BALDWIN New York Times News Analyst THE PENTAGON approaches the Berlin crisis in a state of flux. Sharp changes in methods and personalities, gradual changes in organization and lesser changes in strategic concepts have marked the first six months of the Defense Department under Secretary Robert S. McNamara. Moreover, the changes are continuing. A limited mobiliza- tion has been decreed. The department has been given the task of guid- UAR Development Plans Raise Hope of Peace PRESIDENT Gamal A. Nasser's plan for the development of the United Arab Republic sounds as though the UAR will soon be a par- adise on earth, and although this is of course impossible, an improvement in the general con- ditions of the Arab countries could do much to aid the cause of peace in the Middle East. One of the greatest sources of friction be- tween the UAR countries and Israel, although not publicly admitted by the Arabs, is the great difference in standard of living. While the ma- jority of the citizens of the Arab countries are living in poverty and squalor, Israel in a few Loibby Wis C HALK UP A VICTORY for the China lobby and a loss for the United States. The State Department announced last Fri- day that the United States had suspended preparations "for recognizing Outer Mongolia, a Communist satellite located between Russia and China. While it claims this decision is a result of "present world conditions," it is clear that the State Department bowed to the pressure of the potent China lobby. Nationalist Chinese Vice- President Chen Cheng led the attack against recognizing Outer Mongolia during his recent visit, fearing an erosion of Nationalist prestige and future United States recognition of Red China. His clamorous efforts, with the rest of the lobby, has now resulted in victory. AS USUAL, a victory for the China lobby is ar loss for the United States. A United States mission in strategically located Outer Mongolia could provide much intelligence data about the stresses and strains b:etween the two great Communist powers which could be used as a wedge between Russia and China. The China lobby pressure once again has, cost the United States an advantage in a vital part of the world. -PHILIP SUTIN short years has built up a society as modern and progressive as almost any in the West. All Israeli progress, particularly such devel- opments as the launching of weather rockets recently, were a danger to Arab loyalty and to the Arab leaders, always certain that Israel's sole aim was to devastate them, a grave mili- tary threat. ALTHOUGH the antagonism between the Arab countries and Israel was initiated by the Arab leaders and the Israeli "threat" is ridiculous in light of the percentage by which the UAR population outnumbers that of Israel, a more equal standard of living might do much to alleviate tension. Once the Arab leaders no longer have to ex- plain the shocking contrast in living conditions between the countries, Israel could be regarded as less dangerous. If Nasser's plans could also include permanent settlement of the Arab ref- ugees left homeless after the Israeli war of independence, another great source of hostility would be eliminated. WITH MUTUAL GOOD WILL and coopera- tion, the Middle East could probably be- come one of the strongest defenses against the spread of Soviet control, and could eliminate a great deal of tension for nations continually forced to choose between support for the Arab nations and Israel. There is, of course, the possibility that the result could be precisely the opposite, with the competition between Israel and the Arab states greater than ever and the threat of Arab alli- ance with the Communist powers a lever to use in gaining Western support. NEVERTHELESS, whenever a country is pros- perous and the standard of living on the rise, the lure of Communism is considerably diminished. If Nasser is sincerely interested in bettering the lot of the Arab citizens and not simply in increasing his own strength, there is no end to the benefit that might result to the whole area and thus to the entire free world. -JUDITH OPPENHEIM SW.Wa V"W#QQ vvcr. LYSENKO APPOINTMENT: Threatens Scientific Advance CCommon Market Needs Support P RESIDENT KENNEDY'S remarks welcoming Great Britain's move to join the European Common Market take appropriate notice of a historic development. It is one in which the United States has a vital interest. But the big remaining question is, What will the President and the people do to aid such continuing progress? Ever since Paul Hoffman went over to man- age the Marshall Plan Washington has pro- moted the united Europe concept. It showed favorable interest in the Schuman-Monet coal and steel scheme which developed into the six-nation Common Market. But for some years American policy appeared rather unsympathet- ic to the problems which Britain and other Eu- ropean countries faced in joining the Six. IN DEFENSE OF THIS POLICY it has been argued that "it supported the possible." Brit- ons would have welcomed more manifest under- standing of their problems. But those problems -as is now more clearly recognized-were emo- tional and political as well as economic. In large measure they had to be worked out by Britons. It is unlikely that until this was dv.w any feasible American action would have de- cisively facilitated closer bonds with the Con- tinent. Britain's ties with the Commonwealth went far beyond trade. Its separation from the main- land was more than channelwide. For centuries Britons have had to be concerned about com- binations on the Continent. But the hard logic of events-and time to weigh them-has re- cently brought about a sufficient change in national attitude to enable Prime Minister Macmillan to take the big step toward member- ship in the Common Market. THIS PROMISES, as Kennedy said, new strength for the free world. It can be of tremendous value to the United States. What can the President and the American people do to help it? Friendly words are good. American encouragement of both sides to make essential compromises may possibly be useful. But the potential solid aid is economic. In the end aid is likely to be measured main- ly in trade. Britain probably has the largest ad- justments to make. But Common Market mem- bers, other European free nations and the Commonwealth peoples face problems in fitting their national trade to a;pattern of a larger common interest. So does the United States. And -efforts it may make to facilitate the over- all adjustment by opening markets face rising demands for protection of some domestic pro- ducers. YET ALL STATES of the Union are more prosperous today because the Constitution barred tariffs between them. All the other com- mon interests that have built American strength have had this economic undergirding. What- ever the hardships, whatever the pressures of special interest, this basic concept should be kept in mind in every effort to strengthen the Atlantic Community and the free world. -CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR By MICHAEL OLINICK Daily Staff Writer IN ANOTHER desperate attempt to solve its continuing agricul- tural problems, the Soviet Union has turned to the talents of the highly controversial Trofim D. Lysenko. The election of Lysenko to the presidency of the Soviet Academy of Agricultural Sciences last week has been intepreted as the cul- mination of the famed biologist's comeback. His return to power, however, is not based on his con- tested genetic theory, but on a hope that he will help increase agricultural production. Agriculture remains a key prob- lem in the Soviet economy. Direc- tors of agricultural production in various areas of the Russian plain have been severely criticized and fired because they weren't able to meet grain quotas. Despite Pre- mier Khrushchev's predictions that this year will se a record harvest, troubles still beset the food production areas as they have since Stalin's early moves toward collectivization. * * * PROF. LYSENKO, now a robust 63 years old, went into the scien- tific shadows after Stalin's death in 1956. He had been president of the academy - the Soviets' high- est agricultural research body - from 1938 til then. Controversy about Lysenko cen- ters on his genetic theory that an organism can, under some cir- cumstances, translate to the next generation characteristics acquired during its lifetime. The classical genetics school (of the West) holds, to the contrary, that new hereditary characteric- tics can be introduced only by ac- cidental mutation of the genetic apparatus consisting of genes and chromosones. Lysenko gained prominence originally because his genetic theory fits in so well with Com- munist party doctrine. If Lysen- ko's conclusions were valid, they might be applied in Soviet schools for one generation to condition certain characteristics - like loyalty to the state - in future generations of Russian citizens. * * * . STALIN TOOK a personal in- terest in Lysenko's theory and it was made the official "line" of Soviet biology in 1948. Some of Lysenko's early experi- ments did produce high yielding varieties of wheat, barley, cotton and other crops. His scientific reputation, however, was dis- credited-when evidence was pub- lished in 1954 that material pre- sented to support the validity of his theory had been falsified. Lysenko's supporters, however, continued to claim that no evi- dence has been presented to dis- prove his theories on inherited characteristics. * * * THE IMPORTANCE of agri- culture to the Russians and the seriousness of its current problems imply that high level Soviet of- ficials-perhaps Khrushchev him- self-were involved in granting Lysenko a comeback. They might not necessarily en- dorse his genetic beliefs, but then he was not re-promoted because of them. The Soviets want him to produce more crops faster and he happens to have ability in these lines. But the Soviet leaders are well aware of his basic assumptions about heredity and development. First of all, there is a much greater degree of communication between Soviet administrators and scientists than their American counterparts. The scientific lit- eracy and sophistication in en- gineering of the Kremlin leaders establishes an intimacy between them and the academicians. New Hope "WHAT IS HOPEFUL about the national movements that have emerged in modern Africa is their unembarrassed eclecticism- their readiness to draw intelligent- ly at the same time on the West- ern democratic (including within this the Marxist) tradition and their own indigenous resources: their efforts to assert the moral worth and dignity of individuals against the racialists; to push for- ward the frontiers of liberty against the representatives of au- thority and legitimacy; to develop the idea of common African needs and interests against the partic- ularists . "In doing this they have fol- lowed in the tracks of earlier rev- olutionary movements, no doubt; but they have given old principles a new application and meaning." -Thomas Hodgkin SECONDLY, one can't forget the enormous amount of publicity Lysenko's theories received in the West where they were met with abusive laughter and scorn. They formed the basis of the embar- rasing picture of Soviet sciencewe had before Sputnik: a technically backward people, playing with fantasy and unable to produce good scientific thinking because of the authoritarian nature of the political system. Though the Russians expend great sums of money on scientific research, the bulk goes to research tied in with national defenses. The' physical sciences are preferred to the natural sciences in the Soviet bid to accelerate economic, devel- opment through industrialization, build up military power, and se- cure political aggrandizement. THE VAST BULK of routine scientific investigation is poorly staffed, inadequately equipped and badly financed. There is little at- tention given it by the state. Un- der these circumstances, Lysenko may be in a position to bring his theory into prominence again, es- pecially if he is also able to in- crease the amount of crops. Success in the latter area would give Lysenko opportunity to in- crease his prestige in the former. His genetic beliefs might become the doctrine of Soviet biology to the exclusion of all other theories. There is good reason to believe Lysenko will do just this. In a speech before the academy pub- lished in Izvestia yesterday, Ly- senko told his fellow, but subordi- nate, scientists that from now on they will work along lines of "ma- terialist biology" laid down during the Stalinist era. He admitted his return to prom- inence would disturb "the quiet and peaceful" academy, but that such a situation "cannot continue for long." This would mark a backward step in Soviet progress, both in actual knowledge lost and in a more consequential de-liberalizing of Russian science as a whole. Though in the short run, these setbacks could increase United States' chances in the technologi- cal race, long-term benefits for mankind as a whole would be cur- tailed. With an ultimately selfish con- cern, let's hope the Russians keep a careful eye on Lysenko. ing civil defense. Thus the ultimate armed forces seem uncertain at this time. To date the change in strategic concepts is perhaps the most im- portant, though the least pro- nounced, of the various changes in the Pentagon. * * * THIS SHIFT started in the Ei- senhower administration. It has been away from exclusive depend- ence on the doctrine of massive retaliation as a deterrent to ag- gression. The move is toward a policy of a wider choice of deter- rents, with response based on the peril. The shift has been accompanied by an increase in the nation's mili- tary safety factors, a decrease in calculated military risks and an increase in military costs. Nuclear delivery capability, particularly its degree of invulnerability to attack, has been strengthened. At the same time conventional forces are being markedly increased. * r * CHANGES in organization are more pronounced than those of strategy. The steady trend toward centralization of policy formu- lation has been accelerated. Mc- Namara has moved without re- questing legislation. Instead, he has taken advantage of the im- mense powers of his office and of the Presidency to alter, or to pre-, pare to alter, major organization- al structures of the Pentagon. A Department of Defense intel- ligence agency is being set up. Such an agency is bound to limit and reduce the importance of the intelligence organizations of the services.. What amounts to a single serv- ice of supply is under study. A functional budget, keyed to weapons systems, tasks, missions and program packages has been developed. * * , MEN AND METHODS have changed even more than policies and organization. Washington calls the new dominating force the Whiz Kids. Operational analysts from the research and development compa- nies, intellectuals and academi- cians hold some key jobs. McNa- mara himself is a graduate of the "slide rule" school. This theoretical and analytical influence is somewhat balanced by the more pragmatic experience of Deputy Secretary of Defense Ros- well L. Gilpatric and by a ew oth- er old Washington hands THE SECRETARY himself ex- emplifies the qualities of the new men and new methods in the Pen- tagon. In fact, he has largely se- lected the men and initiated the methods. His intellectual abilities have greatly impressed congressional committees. But the McNamara regime has revealed major weaknesses, in the opinion of Pentagon observers. Some uniformed personnel are upset. Methods as well as person- alities are primarily blamed. McNamara is said to feel that the blizzard of studies and ques- tionnaires he ordered in his first months in office were a mistake. MANY of the military tend to feel that the Secretary makes some decisions too quickly and then closes his mind to change. Although military-civilion fric- tion was sharp at first it has eased considerably recently. McNamara's congressional rela- tions have also improved. At first, there was a strong feeling among the staffs of congressional com- mittees dealing with the Pentagon that the liaison was inadequate. While there was admiration for McNamara's intellect, there were some misgivings about organiza- tional changes. There are some misgivings, although the liaison has improved. Copyright, 1961, The New York Times shape, size and organization of the CAMPUS: 'OstricW A musin 'HE Ostrich Has Two Eggsis if. not cinema, still relatively good entertainment. The French comedy concerns the actions, ravings and muddled thoughts of a breadwinner who discovers, despite his bullhead aversion to discovery, the state of his family: his elder son is a fash- ion-made "invert," the younger son is being kept by a Japanese countess and his wife is vaguely suspect. The film suffers from a fault which is prevalent among screen adaptations of formerly successful plays. That is, it remains a play;, rather than a film. The direction of "The Ostrich" was the direc- tion of a play, failing to take ad- vantage of the film medium. The camerawork was the restricted vi- sion of a relatively astationary spec- tator, not the work of a m obl,, omnipresent film machine. STILL, as a photoplay "The Os- trich" is amusing. The dialogue is sharp and epigramatic. The script is a sub-titlist's holiday, where the translator, who most often po- duces a condensed, inferior version of the original, must cope with a discreet translation of word-plays, with the hope that they are iden- tical in both languages. ACCURATE and effective trans- lation makes "The Ostrich" some- what rare among imports, al- though that favorable quality is here the product of necessity. The film has nothing else to rely on. Pierre Fresnay, who has the only major role (the script is a virtual monologue, with other characters introduced as events rather than humans) does well But the camera work Is indif- ferent and technically poor, the editing harmless if weak the sound and lighting unconvincing. Still, the film is entertaining. If there is no "plot" in the cinematic sense, e v e n t s are introduced through dialogue (in the dramatic sense) and so the script rarely drags. THE ELDER SON, Lolo, never seen, is introduced variously a -an "invert," a "floozy," and a "wom- an." While the audience wonders what this prodigy looks like, he is ditched by his boyfriend, becomes bedridden with grief and wins a grand prize of 200,000 francs in a fashion contest. Papa Barius, finding his shelt- ered elder son gone, his energetic younger son spending the evening with a Japanese mistress, and his wife inexplicably out, leaves home in confusion several times. * * * "The Ostrich" is not immortal comedy, but is successful light en- tertainment. -Matthew Stolper LETTERS to the EDITOR To the Editor: MY CONGRATULATION to Peter Steinberger for his very incisive, perceptive and sophisti- cated editorial on civil defense (August 9). It's interesting that a Michigan undergraduate can see implications which apparently es- cape Harvard professors -Prof. J. David Singer Mental Health Research Institute ti INTERPRETING THE NEWS: Society Prolongs Cold War i t FEIFFER By J. M. ROBERTS Associated Press News Analyst PRESIDENT KENNEDY used a phrase at his last news conference which goes deeply to the fundamentals of the East-West conflict, but which is often obscured by tactical maneuver- ing over specific issues. He referred to the scientific impossibility of ever being sure that "a nation with a closed so- ciety" would not violate a nuclear test ban. IN a more far-reaching fashion the phrase al- so applies to the political impossibility of ever knowing what a nation with a closed society will do about anything. And this involves all the long, weary years of negotiations which the West feels it must keep up, not for the real set- tlement of issues, but to delay crises aid estab- ils) a propaganda record. the checks and balances of democratic proc- esses. And that action is directed toward inter- national hegemony. The political leaders in countries which have not yet arrived at any sort of plateau of na- tional destiny are not playing with that power because they misunderstand it. The Soviets and their Peiping cohorts have been too frank about their intentions for that. THESE POLITICAL LEADERS believe they can gamble for personal and national profit in the no man's land between the ideological contestants, and that they will eventually be saved from enclosure by the Western powers. This attitude is an open one among some of these countries. It has been encouraged by the impression YOL) OAM~T '1o -1e if Wr WR006?R NEED 1W W D1 4r0U 'rA o AdAI &J~tuj r6O(1 11'5 6UAIM q -TfAT A R A1IOPJIP 1 ATr U6ASTON6 PE PISOtJINT\J 1-m POOR 15 MORE. CHANGINJG OF R Pl ,. RIfW6S AWJ LATE mdovie fVcRi~q. M6ufa THM e~ARE WOt-iflJWHO IM'WITO FIR% MOV ICH h O Nu CAN 96 MIAX WE- MATCR N ? OH,00! HA5 M(TH ?Me114 eetfgg -10 A MOUAL. 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