Seveity-Third Year EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS "Where Opinions Are Free STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG., ANN ARBOR, MICH., PHONE NO 2-3241 Truth Will Preva1I" Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints. THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1963 NIGHT EDITOR: MARILYN KORAL WHAT'S GOING ON?: It's Time To Inquire About South Vietnam Beckwith Case To Illustrate Southern Justice in Action ONCE AGAIN Southern Justice faces the test of impartiality. With'the apprehension of Byron De La Beck- with as the suspected slayer of Medgar Evers, the South once again has the opportunity to show the nation and the world how its sys- tem of jurisprudence operates. In the past, this system has shown a re- markable consistency in freeing all whites and convicting all Negroes involved in interracial crimes. Evidence has very rarely played an im- portant role in court cases there. Mississippi will have to answer two ques- tions in the present case. First, will the de- fendant be tried upon the evidence presented or will he be tried on the fact that he is white. Second, if he is found guilty what type of punishment will the court mete out and will this punishment eventually be fully car- ried out. NO ONE EXCEPT the courts of the sover- eign state of Mississippi can judge the guilt or innocence of Beckwith. However, judgments may be forthcoming on how and in what man- ner he is tried. From their past record, Beckwith had every reason to be cool and calm at his hearing yes- terday. For Beckwith, being one of the only persons with actual knowledge of his own guilt or innocence, could feel secure in either in- stance. Not only has the South executed nearly every Negro accused of raping a white woman and congratulated almost every white man found guilty of raping a Vegro woman, but in many of these cases Southern justice has denied, Negroes the necessary means of defense. Besides all-white, handpicked juries who have reached the verdict before the trial commenced, basic civil rights such as the right to counsel Communicati and bail have all too often been denied the Ne- gro defendant. THE SOUTH has invoked an interesting ju- dicial theory whenever cases such as the present one have presented themselves. It states that if a Negro kills a white man, it's murder; but if a ,white kills a Negro (even by shooting him in the back), it's self defense. The FBI would have to present incontrovert- able evidence before a jury of Southern gentle- men would even consider convicting a white for the murder of a Negro. Even if Beckwith is found guilty, Southern justice has, in the few cases in the past where whites have been so convicted, has shown great clemency. This Southern belief in clemency, howeyer, has rarely, if ever, been extended to the insane or incompetent Negro. Most states in this area of the country pride themselves on the number of Negroes execut- ed in inter-racial cases. They equally pride themselves on the absence of any executions of whites for similar crimes. Beckwith faces the likely possibility of a very one-sided trial. However, unlike most instances of prejudiced and partial trials, this one is in favor of the defendant instead of the state. The State of Mississippi will probably acquit Beckwith or any other defendant brought be- fore it on the charges of murdering Medgar Evers. If by some strange feeling of conscience, the people of Mississippi do convict the guilty and mete out the same type of punishment that a Negro would receive if the situation was re- versed, a great step forward will have been taken. Perhaps, then, "equal justice for all" will not be just a trite and meaningless phrase throughout the South. --ANDREW ORLIN ons Problem O °4 AA i Y '" . "t'A r 1 ' z ..!J ' *.;l ltM~t.t M1 i t 1t {fx .' I By H. NEIL BERKSON 1N A MATTER of days President Kennedy will be home from Europe. Shortly thereafter the Washington press corps will as- semble in the State Department auditorium. And wouldn't it be nice if some youthful reporter got up and asked, "Mr. President, what is going on in South Viet- nam?" In the past year, several news- paper and magazine articles have painted a dreary picture of events there. It is not easy to get at the facts. There is a rigid censorship policy and many reporters-News- week's Francois Sully; NBC's James Robinson; and the New York Times' Homer Bigart, for example-have been expelled from the country for their efforts. South Vietnam is less than a democracy; President Ngo Dinh Diem heads a family dictatorship as tight as any in the world. His news policy is not hard to under- stand. But why must the United States be a partner in repression? Why does President Kennedy, who should know better even if his predecessor did not, remain de- termined to avoid the issues An Vietnam by drawing on the image of the Communist monster every time the subject arises? ALL THE INFORMATION com- ing from Vietnam points to a disaster. The government does not have the confidence of the peoplc: The war against the Viet. Cong seems farther from solution a~l the time. The United States looks more and more like the bulwark of still another dictatorship which would otherwise fall. Two weeks ago another bad aspect of the internal situation in South Vietnam came to light. A Buddhist monk burned himself to death in a Saigon street to pro- test Diem's treatment of the Buddhist majority in that country. This incident has far-reaching implications. Diem, a Roman Catholic, has long persecuted the Buddhists, who comprise 70 per cent of his subjects. In May, his soldiers, trained and armed by the U. S., fired into a peaceful crowd of Buddhists celebrating one of their holy days, killing 11 of them. Diem's prejudices extend much farther. Our military advisers re- port that the regime has refused to promote deserving army per- sonnel who were not Catholic and has promoted incompetents solely because they were Catholic. Often times, when American weapons are distributed in the villages, they go only to Catholics. Buddhists are, in effect, eliminated from any sense of participation in the af- fairs of the country. The suicide two weeks ago has brought all the Buddhist-Roman Catholic tensions to a head. They threaten to split the country in two at a time when it needs all its energy to fight the Viet Cong. Observers are already predicting that Buddhist unrest could topple Diem. * * - BUT AMERICAN participation in the Diem regime remains the prime issue, and the religious vio- lence brewing is merely another reason why we should get out. It is simply not enough to say that we are protecting the South Viet- namese from the evils of Com- munism. Certainly they are con- vinced that no evils could be worse than the ones they are suffering now. Perhaps our government might be justified if it were to pursue a positive policy of internal reform in South Vietnam. But it is merely wasting lives and money in de- fense of an anarchical regime. After a trip to- South Vietnam early this year, Senate Majority Leader Mansfield reported that in spite of seven years of U. S. aid the country is less stable than ever. " . . . It appears more re- moved, rather than closer to, the achievement of popularly respon- sible and responsive government," he wrote. The senator called for a "massive job of social engineer- ing." Did President Kennedy read the report? Will he react to it? Again, it would be nice if he told the country exactly what objectives we are pursuing in South Vietnam. "' URRY RBCK(, JACK1 DEARBORN, DETROIT: Marches Meet White Apathy AFTER SPENDING three years at this "Dis- tinguished Center of Higher Learning," I have discovered, as have many other students, that I am developing an opinion that the Uni- versity is a machine to produce mass educa- tion with little regard to the problems that confront the individual student's over-all men- tal development. I also have begun to feel that its regulations were not administered with an attitude of sup- plying the best possible academic and social conditions but rather that its extremely nega- tive, iron-clad regulations were implemented (the question of whether they are just or not being. beside the point) according to a philoso- phy that seems to say: Well if you don't like the regulations, nobody is asking you to go to school here. Forward Step PERHAPS ONE of the best long-range re- sponses to the racial relations dilemma, both in the country and abroad, was the announce- ment Tuesday that the Eleanor Roosevelt Foundation would concentrate on improving race relations through research. Its funds, foundation chairman, Adlai E. Stevenson, said, would sponsor research projects or an interna- .tional racial relations study institute or center. While new laws and political action are need- ed now to win equal rights for minority groups in this country and overseas, research is need- ed to translate legal desegregation into true in- tegration. Removing legal and social barriers are not enough to fulfill the demand for equal- ity. A true equality-equal access or equal op- portunity for all in any field of endeavor-is the ultimate goal. Hopefully, such an institute could be close- ly related to the United Nations where its re- search on reducing racial tension within coun- tries could also lead to peaceful understand- ing between countries. The institute could also serve as a building block for a United Na- tions university that would cover a broader scope of international activities. It is fitting that such a formation deal with eliminating discrimination for the late Mrs. Roosevelt devoted many years of her life to championing human rights both for citizens of this country and the world. Hopefully, the foundation's institute or research will promote her cherished dreams. But not being one to jump to conclusions, I thought that perhaps my opinions were unwar- ranted and that the University actually did have some concern for the welfare of the indi- vidual student. I did not want to believe that the chief objective of the University was mere- ly to turn out graduates and that the social and psychological education that a student re- ceives (and to my way of thinking is equally if not more important than his academic learn- ing) was of little importance as long as the diplomas kept multiplying steadily. RECENTLY I HAD a meeting with the Dean of Men which served to dishearten my opti- mism. I had gone to his office with high hopes of getting permission to live in an apartment for my senior year in school (at which time I will be 21). I had what I believed were legiti- mate and valid reasons for wanting to live in an apartment. Although my reasons were large- ly economic, I presented arguments to illustrate how this particular apartment would provide ideal study conditions and generally suit my particular needs. After he listened attentively to my enthusias- tic story he agreed generally that this apart- ment would provide the most ideal housing for me, but because I lacked the necessary qualifi- cations that the housing regulations dogmat- ically demand (25 years of age or 120 credit hours), his answer to my request was a flat "No." Although he sympathized with my position; regulations were regulations, and there was nothing he could do for me. 'Upon further discussion we both agreed that the housing regulations left something to be desired, but we disagreed on the method to be used to change them. I thought that the pur- pose of the Dean's office was to mediate be-. tween the University and the student and to be concerned with the student's welfare above all. By ROBERT SELWA. Daily Correspondent THE WEEKEND'S civil rights demonstrations inDearborn and Detroit brought to this area the nation's greatest protest move- ment lince the Populist era. This was good because the Detroit area, especially Dearborn, needed it. Dearborn is not only the Birm- ingham of the North but also the Dearborn of the nation. Its repu- tation for housing segregation is so widespread that a group of ministers from the Episcopal So- ciety for Cultural and Racial Un- ity made Dearborn a prime ob- jective of their national study trip. The worst part about the repu- tation is that itis true and that the people of Dearborn try their best to live up-or down-to it: Almost everyone from Dearborn with whom I have discussed segre- gation adamantly supports white supremacy. If one brings up ethi- cal considerations like equal jus- tice under law Dearbornites brush them aside with the question, "Would you live next door to a Negro?" Bring up the point about the rights of all men and they answer with what they call their own right to exclude Negroes. Bring up the Declaration of In- dependence with its outline for equality as a tenet of democracy and they will make their own declaration of selfishness. * *' * WHEN YOU TELL them that you would be just as willing to LETTERS to the EDITOR To the Editor: ONE OF the abuses which has been heaped upon the capital- istic countries is a lack of initia- tion in the liberation of back- ward peoples. But far more im- portant is the liberation of those nations being held captive by So- viet imperialism. While a number of peoples have gained independence, no less than an equal number of formerly in- dependent nations have been forc- ed "to surrender their freedom -. - to the imperialism of international Communism." The Free World, in accepting the Soviet clamor for the liberation of peoples, has been craven in its failure to turn the same argument against the Soviet and "brinE: it to court for its enslavement of these independent peoples," * * * SUCH COUNTRIES as Ukrania, Armenia, the Caucasian states, the Balkan states, Poland, Czecho- slovakia and many more, surely are "entitled to the principle of live next door to a Negro as to an Italian or a Jew or a Catholic or an Oriental, they cite the no- tions that Negroes do nor. keep up their homes, that Negroes spend all of their free money and time on big carsand that whiLe neighborhoods deteriorate when Negroes move in. This is as if there were no suc- cessfully integrated neighborhoods ---as if whites did not force some Negroes to live in slums by deny- ing them education and income, as if some Negroes, denied the op- portunity of getting a decent home, were not forced to use their marginal. propensity to consume on the only other major material investment, a car; and as if it were not the fault of the whites themselves for lowered property yalues. White people are getting trouble not from Negroes but from themselves. The Negro is the middle man as the whites try to unload their woes and create. scapegoats for their problems. Whites are causing the protests against segregation Yet they do not realize this, and many react with anger or worry. THIS WAS the background of Saturday's demonstration in Dear- born. Three groups participated of- ficially-tije N.A.A.C.P., the Dear- born Pastors' Union and the Dear- born-Inkster Council on Human Relations. Some members of the Dearborn Democratic Club and the American Civil Liberties Union also took part. We met at noon at Oakman and Michigan. All along Michigan, and especially near Oakman, the side- walks were 'full of spectators. There were probably about 200 demonstrators, half of them white and half of them Negro. Probably about 75 of them carried signs or banners. We walked single file through the spectators. They were silent and they gave us ample room. The only really audible voice was that of the monitors urging, "Single file, please, keep the lines closed." Both demonstrators and spectators were serious in demeanor; there was none of the next day's light- headedness. We gathered on the steps of the Dearborn city hall after the eight-block walk. The heckling and booing began when we sang the Star Spangled Banner and I was reminded of the reaction to the San Francisco students when they sang the Star Spangled Ban- ner protesting the House Un- American Activities Committee. THE HECKLING continued through the half-dozen. speeches, growing little by little. It stopped for the invocation but continued through the closing prayer. The booing alternated with more wide- spread cheers from the demon- strators when they liked a par- ticular remark by a speaker. The don't have no welfare in Dear- born." In contrast, Sunday's demon- stration in Detroit was friendly land gay. It was so enthuisatic that it began spontaneously an hour early. Walking and sometimes running down Woodward, demon- strators told spectators to join in. and many did. Few if any specta- tors joined the march in Dear- born. * * * WHILE the Dearborn demon- stration was half white and half Negro, with almost all the specta- tors being white, the. Detroit dem- onstration was at least three- fourths Negro, and almost all spec- tators were Negro. The Cobo Hall audience that heard the Rev. Mar- tin Luther King and other speak- ers was mostly Negro. This was the major failure of an otherwise highly successful demonstration: the lack of ex- tensive white participation. If whites do not jo in demonstra- tions for civil rights and if they do not attend civil righte speeches, then the Negro's greatest hope is diminished. For it is whites who control Congress and the other legislatures who are being asked to pass better legislation on civil rights; it is whites who own the establishments that up to now have discriminated against some Negro consumers and Negro ap- plicants for employment. Poli- tically and economically, the nine- tenths of the nation that is white holds more than nine-tenths of the power. To be successful, the civil rights crusade must be the cause of whites as well as Negroes. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was started at the turn of the century by white men; today, as Negroes begin at last to advance nationally, white people should help them, realizing that the free- dom of all men is the concern of all men. By WALTER LIPPMANN HE PRESIDENT'S announce- ment at American University of a meeting in Moscow to dis- cuss a nuclear test ban seems to have been inserted only recently in an address which has, quite evidently, been maturing for a long time in his mind. The President must have decided quite some: time ago that it would be useful to make a fresh statement of how the United States is now thinking and feeling about its relations with the Soviet Union. For while there has not been, as the President said, any change. in the American resistance to an expansion of Communism, there have been changes in the Ame i- can estimate of developments in the Soviet Union and m the Corr.- munist world. Yet most of the language of the cold war has re- mained unchanged, has become stereotyped and official and popu- lar, reactions to news from the east have become mechanical. We on our part and the Russians on their part have raised higher than the iron curtain an impenetrable fog of suspicion. This shuts off mny serious effort to use a dipto- macy which is adjusted to the great changes on both sides of the iron curtain. The President's address is more than a talk. It is a wise and shrewd action which is inteaded primarily to improve the climate of East-West relations. He is, I believe, moving with the oncoming tide in human affairs. The tide is bringing in a generation which is losing interest in the postwar conflict between the crusading Communists and the crusading anti-Communists who reacted to them. FOR KENNEDY a n d f o r Khrushchev, the notion that either of the two rival nuclear powers can bury the other has become nonsensical. All that is left of the old slogans are the tired old wcrds themselves. In the age of nuclear parity, there is no alternative to co-existence. In effect, the President has said to Khrushchev that since, in the nuclear age, we have to co-exist, crusading which might involve armed violence mustbe abandon- ed. If both powers are 'to live, t~hey will have to learn to let live. The President's way of stating these governing truths was admirable. It was not only lucid and untim- orous, but it was couched in the kind of language which ought to be used in talking to and about the Russians. It was the language of self-confidence and self-respect, of resolution and magnanimity. For the outsider, it is impos- sible to make anyjudgment now about the coming conference in Moscow. We do not know what has been passing, to and fro which has persuaded the threer'govern- ments that something important might be/ achieved by a meetilg at a high level, indeed, just under the summit. If, as is conceivable from the report of Mr. Harold Wilson's talk with Chairman Khrusr-chev, some kind of partial moratorium may be negotiable, it would come as a great relief to the whole world. The Soviet view is that under- ground testing is of negligible sig- nificance. These underground tests are different from all other tests not only because they do not con- taminate the air, but because they alone cannot always be detected without on-site inspection. But the Soviet government has a deep hatred of on-site inspection. * * * TODAY AND TOMORROW: Kennedy Speech Based On New world Analysis IT SEEMED TO ME that when, as I was told, a thousand students a year complain about housing regulations it was the Dean's duty to petition the administration until action was taken. If the Dean's office is not able to con- vey the feelings and needs of students to the University, then it appears that the effective- ness of the Dean's office is considerably less- ened. The Dean told me that the initiative for change should come from the students by voic- ing their opinions through the "powerful" in- fluence of the Student Senate, the Daily Illini and other such organs, and that students like myself should leave no stone unturned until housing regulations were revised. Housing, surely, is an element in a person's college education that requires that utmost at- tention and consideration. However* I still am. not completely persuaded that the burden of changing the archaic housing regulations rests entirely on the students' shoulders. It seems to me that a university of this size and prestige should search every avenue in an attempt to provide ontimal conditions whereby a student Editorial Stafff RONAL) WILTON ........................Co-Editor PHILIP SUTIN........................... Co-Editor DAVE GOOD.... ...............Co-Sports Editor CHARLES TOWLE ..................Co-Sports Editor RUTH HETMANSKI......................Night Editor JEAN TENANDER.......................Night Editor A T ..W~'ZItD nR.T. T ------------- h t WEditrw 'Loon, Everybody, I'm Not Paying Any Attention' %~ - { t yI - rif- MIGHIT IT then ne possible to make an agreement to ban all tests which can be detected with- out on-site inspection, and then to permit a limited number of underground tests which the So- viet government does not take too seriously? This may be a pipe dream. In- deed, I do not dare to believe in it. because it seems too g,)od to be true and becauseit is too sens- ible to be practical. We have all noticed that Mr. Khrushchev has set the date of the meeting for July. That will be after the Sino-Soviet talks have taken place. We can make a gue.ss about the meaning of tli, and we can make several gusses. For ex-