SKIN COLOR CLOUDS CIVIL RIGHTS QUEST 'YI rL air i43E aii4 MOSTLY CLOUDY High--38 Low-67 Continued warm with light showers in afternoon or evening See Editorial Page Seventy-Two Years of Editorial Freedom VOL. LXXIII, No. 30-S ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, TUESDAY, AUGUST 6, 19-3 SEVEN CENTS FOUR PAGES -Associated Press SIGNING-Secretary of State Dean Rusk (left), Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko (center) and British Foreign Secretary Lord Home sign the recently agreed nuclear test-ban treaty. Wit- nessing the signing were six senators and Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev (far right). Optimism about efforts toward easing of world tensions was expressed at the ceremonies. H aS-' igning as Step to Peace MOSCOW (R) - Britain, thev United States and the Soviet Un- ion signed a treaty banning most nuclear tests yesterday and hailed it in a .communique as an impor- tant first step toward world peace. Spokesmen for all three powers warned, however, that there was much still to be done, and at a celebration later, Premier Khrush- chev repeated his demand that the NATO powers sign a nonaggres- sion pact with the Communist Warsaw Treaty countries as the next step. Red China Army Papers Reveal Widespread Discord WASHINGTON (P)-The state department made public yesterday a thousand pages of secret Red Chinese army documents revealing unrest and near-revolt among Chinese soldiers in 1960-61. In giving this analysis of the documents, a state department spokesman added that the Red military leaders apparently success- fully overcame thb serious morale problems which stemmed - from China's faminine, economic May Approve Tax Proposal WASHINGTON - Congressional leaders are confident that a modi- fied version of President John F. Kennedy's tax cut and reform proposals will pass the House by the end of August, the Washington Post reported. A major roadblock-repeal of the four per cent dividend credit --is expected to crumble this week when the House ways and means committee is scheduled to reverse an earlier decision and abolish the provisions. This, Congressional leaders as- sert, will remove the stigma of "rich man's tax cut" from the measure. Smaller Reductions There are also strong indica- tions that the committee will not slash corporation income taxes to the 47 per cent ceiling requested by Kennedy. They are expected to approve a smaller reduction. The leadership plan on the com- mittee finishing its work this week. It expects to call it up for floor debate the week of August 23, hold about two weeks for floor debate, then vote. The leadership expects the tax-cut measure to pass. It hopes to complete work on the tax revisions before civil rights debate snarls Congress. This optimism, the Post report- ed, stems from a change in the mood of the House. A few weeks ago, the fate of the bill was very much in doubt, now for reasons not yet 'lear, this mood has changed. Final Approval The committee is expected to give final approval to revisions 'what will increase taxes by $900 million to $1 billion. About $350 million of that will come from an increase on capital gains taxes on heirs of estates. The revised dividend section would bring in another $300 million. Another $350 million would be raised from a provision lowering to 19.5 per cent the maximum capital gains tax on assets held three years or more. The lowered tax rate is expected to encourage some long-time stockholders to sell and reap a profit for them- selves and the government. Seeks Way On the other hand, the commit- tee is looking for a formula that will cut the top bracket tax rate failure and Communist zealotry. The documents "certainly give no hint that the (Peking) regime thought it was about to be over- thrown by the army" and do not disclose what conditions are like now, the spokesman said. Complete Set Totalling perhaps three quarter of a million words, the documents consist of a nearly complete set of 29 issues of the "Bulletin of Activities of the General Depart- ment of the Chinese People's Lib- eration Army" dated Jan. 1 through Aug. 22, 1961. The secret bulletins were issued to Chinese army officers of the rank of regimental commander and above, for their policy guid- ance. It is believed rare for the United States government to acquire such documents, and it is even rarer for them to be made public. The spokesman v ou ch ed for the authenticity of the bulletins, but declined to say how they were ob- tained or what others may be in United States hands. Scholarly Study The stated reason for United States release of the documents now is to give scholars a chance to study them. Copies of the docu- ments may be obtained through. the Library of Congress at $8 for' a microfilm copy or $40 for a full size, electrostatically reproduced version. The material, of course, is in Chinese. No English translation was given out. The spokesman said the state department's own trans- lation has not been polished up enough for public issuance. The Russians-official allies of but ideologically at odds with the Chinese Communists-presumably can obtain a copy of the Chinese secret bulletins for themselves now just by going to the Library of Congress. Describes Unrest The documents "described inci- dents of unrest and near-revolt" in the Chinese army and told the military commanders how to deal with them. On the mainland of China in 1960 and 1961, the period dealt with in the bulletins, there was a severe food shortage and wide- spread economic failures. Soldiers in the Red army com- plained in particular about the hunger faced by their families at home, about a lack of military supplies and about unpleasant policing duties carrying out polit- ical objectives of the Communist regime. Frank Approach The secret bulletins took a rel- atively frank approach to the mo- rale nrilm. And instad of meet- This project has already roused a storm of opposition in many countries and in the United States Senate, six of whose members were present at the solemn ceremony where the treaty was signed. Under its terms, nuclear test- ing is forbidden in the air, outer space and under water. There is no ban on underground testing. Secretary of State Dean Rusk plans to stay on in Moscow for a few day's. Hope for Formula He did not react immediately to Khrushchev's renewed urging of a nonaggression pact. The United States view hasbeen that some formula might be found which would not endanger the interests of any NATO power-especially West Germany-nor imply recog- nition of Communist East Ger- many. Meanwhile West Germany held out yesterday against signing the new nuclear test ban treaty, ap- parently determined to get more United States and British support in its diplomatic battle against Communist East Germany. There was no sign of any such new support. Robert S. McNamara, secretary of defense, flew home after a hur- riedly scheduled visit to Chancel- lor Konrad Adenauer at the Ger- man leader's request. Chinese Uneasy The Chinese Nationalists are un- easy on their part over the pos- sibility of new accords between the United States anddthebSoviet Union developing from the limited nuclear test ban treaty. This feeling stems from fears that closer relations between Washington and Moscow could re- sult: 1) In joint American-Soviet ef- forts to freeze the situation in the Formosa Strait area, or 2) In a situation working against Chinese Nationalist am- bitions for recovery of mainland China..- The United States, in ambas- sadorial-level talks with Commun- ist China, has tried-so far with- out success-to induce Peking to renounce the use of force. - The United States has a mutual defense treaty with Nationalist China under which both sides un- dertake to refrain from *use of force in the Western Pacific, without joint agreement, except for self-defensive action of a clearly emergency character. Aid Bills May Pass Obstacles WASHINGTON - Two federal aid to education bills appear to have cleared one hurdle - the House rules committee - only to land in another - a Republican civil rights amendment. As the rules committee began hearings on two long-delayed fed- eral aid measures, committee members seemed well-disposed to- ward a $450 million four-year assistance to vocational education program and willing to pass a $1.2 billion "bricks and mortar" col- lege aid bill. Rules committee chairman Rep. Howard W. Smith (D-Va) called up the vocational-aid bill declar- ing, "If we're going to help edu- cation, this might be a good place to start." Indicate Support Republicans have indicated that they will support a rules commit- tee green light for the college aid bill. But committee discussion of the vocational-aid bill disclosed that its toughest hurdle awaits it on the House floor, when Republicans are expected to offer an amend- ment to bar aid to racially segre- gated schools. While the bill was discussed in committee, Rep. Adam Clayton Powell (D-NY), chairman of the educational and labor committee where the bill originated, said that he would not personally sponsor such an amendment, as he has in the past, but would vote for it if it were in good faith. Back Bill The 12 Republicans on Powell's committee had solidly backed the anti-discrimination measure. The amendment was rejected, 14-12, only because acting chairman Rep. Carl Perkins (D-Ky) withheld three proxies, including Powell's, which could have swung the vote the other way. - The civil rights ruckus was con- sidered less of a threat to the col- lege aid bill because it would have little application. In general, col- leges that would benefit are de- segregated, at least on a token basis, the Washington Post re- ported. The college bill includes Presi- dent John F. Kennedy's proposal of a three-year program of loans to public and private colleges and universities for the construction of academic facilities. It also includes grants to the states for building academic facil- ities in junior colleges. Other as- pects touch on libraries and grad- uate study centers. Mississippians To Hold Vote For Governor JACKSON, Miss. W)-An esti- mated 450,000 race - conscious Mississippians will choose among four Democratic candidates for governor today amid reports un- registered Negroes may invade the polls. After a slow campaign based largely upon widespread anti- Kennedy feelings.. Gov. Ross Barnett, who cannot succeed himself, took no public part in the campaign. His key backers who did participate split between Jol---on and Sullivan. Marchers Seek Ordinance -Daly-Kamalakar Rao PROTEST-Approximately 150 residents marched from'City Hall north to Summit Ave. to Brooks St., down Seventh St. to Pauline St., then back to City Hall via Main St. yesterday. The Ann Arbor Area Fair Housing Association-Congress on Racial Equality, sponsors of the march, chose the route leading through Negro neighborhoods and potentially accessible white areas now allegedly de- nied to Negroes to dramatize the need for a strong fair housing ordinance to combat housing seg- regation. Duvalier C aught Unguarded Cantave' s Forces Invade Near By ROBERT BERRELLLEZ Associated Press News Analyst MIAMI-An invasion of Haiti of the size reportedyesterday could spell_ real trouble for President Francois Duvalier. He may have been caught with his defensive resources down. Last April's abortive army plot started a crisis that has been costly financially and materially to the government. It also depleted the Haitian officer corps when. many of the top flight men took political asylum in Port Au Prince embassies. Since April Duvalier has had to maintain on the alert his private army of militiamen and women and a special security force called Ton Ton Macoutes. Informed sources in Port Au Prince said last week thathas a result of the April crisis the Haitian budget was running $800,000 below the $2.4 million monthly revenue re- quirements. Reports of Unrest There were reports of growing disatisfaction among government, employes over reductions in wages and long delays in collecting their pay. Military experts in Port Au Prince and Santo Domingo re- cently said Duvalier's defensive capabilities had been so weaken- ed that an invasion of the size reported would have good chances of success. These experts said military weakness was exposed late last North month when it took the army, mi- litia and the Ton Ton Macoutes most of one week to put down a tiny band of rebel youths. Express Doubt But the same military sources have expressed doubt that Du- valier's opposition would be able to 'mount an invasion because of the bickering and disunity among the exiles abroad. The Dominican Army disarmed two small exile groups on the Haitian border nearest to Port Au Prince in May and July. There were persistent reports last week in Santo Domingo that Haitian exiled officers and men were moving north to the vicinity of Monte Cristi, a Dominican town on the north Haitian border, 45 miles from Cap Haitien, Haiti's second city. Peasant Support The area of the reported land- ings is ruggedly mountainous as is most of Haiti. Haitian City The invaders' success was be- lieved to depend on the extent of support from peasants and de- fectors from the small military outposts in the interior. The Haitian army of some 5,000 men is trained mainly in police work. The military combat corps is said to number about 400 men. But to protect himself Duvalier has concentrated his defenses around Port Au Prince and has ,onverted the national palace into an arsenal protected by the few remaining tanks and a consider- able number of armed men. The Haitian dictator last April threatened that "rivers of blood" would flow if there was an upris- ing. The Haitian dictator also faces the Dominican army on the east. Domincan President Juan Bosch moved up troops during last April's crisis. While most have withdrawn, they still provide potential sup- port for anti-Duvalier forces. Exiles Land TOCapture Cap. Haitien Dominican Sources Claim Insurrectionists Armed as Guerrillas SANTO DOMINGO (') - A small invasion force of exiled Hai- tian soldiers commanded by Gen. Leon Cantave was reported to have landed yesterday on Haiti's north coast just west of the Dominican border. The immediate objective appear- ed to be capture of Cap Haitien, Haiti's second city. The ultimate goal would be overthrow of the Haitian dictator, Dr. Francois (Papa Doc) Duvalier, bitter foe of the Dominican government and thorn in the side of the United States. Sources in Santo Domingo said on the basis of radio and other reports that the Duvalier govern- ment in Port au Prince, the Hai- tian capital in the south, had acknowledged the invasion was un- der way. The force was described as well armed and trained for guerrilla warfare. Invasion Progressing By nightfall the citadel radio in Cap Haitien was still in the hands of the Duvalier regime. But there were hints between music pro- grams that the invasion was pro- gressing. It said the United States-owned Dauphin Sisal plantation was be- ing cleared of American families. It lies near the reported invasion spot athFort Liberte, about 15 miles from the Dominican border. Haitians living in tle Domini- can Republic to escape oppression under the Duvalier regime and its Tonton Macoutes security foices seemed aware of the invasion plans. There was no official word on where the invasion was launched but an exile spokesman said an island-unidentified-was used as a staging area for the landing at Fort Liberte. Little Resistance The force, reported to consist of about 250 former army officers and soldiers of Haiti, apparently met little resistance in Fort Li- berte, Derac and Phaeton. Cantave, a former Haitian arm- ed forces chief of staff, told an interviewer recently he was not In- terested in becoming president, only in ousting Duvalier. Haitians reported the invasion group is fighting under the flag of the anti-Duvalier "National Democratic Union." A news source in Port au Prince said last night that little was known in public there except that an undetermined number of rebels apparently are fighting the Hai- tian army in the north, near Cap Haitien. Censorship prevails in Haiti and duringrthe day it barred correspondents from sending out any news by cable. In Santo Domingo a Haitian exile said he confirmed the early morning landing at Fort Liberte and said another landing was set for Monday night. Bus Company To Lose $2700 By Month End "We suspect that the Public Bus Company will have lost more than $2700 by the end of August," Ann Arbor City Administrator Guy C. Larcom Jr. said last night at the city council meeting. The Public Bus Company lost $1476 in June, and $355 through July 15. Larcom mentioned that the bus company. can normally build up enough capital during the winter to cover the summer losses, but that the Public Bus Company had been unable to do so because It wasn't organized until the begin- ning of this summer. He also mentioned that although ROAD TO UTOPIA: Gardner Calls for Sren gthe World News Roundup By The Associated Press DAKAR, Senegal-Algerian Premier Ahmed Ben Bella yesterday urged heads of African nations to attend the next session of the United Nations Assembly and force the Western powers to choose between colonialism and the African population. * * * *. ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia-Emperor Haile Selassi supports in principle the Communist Chinese proposal for a conference by all " governments on a total nuclear ban, a government statement said yesterday. The emperor, replying to a mes- sage from Premier Chou En-Lai, e said that "obviously such a devel- opment depends particularly on the big powers possessing nuclear weapons." be able to start a war and no one * will be able to apply force or the WARSAW-The United States threat of force in international may probe Chinese Communist in- relations." tentions in regard to atomic test- Soviet Plan ing and other East-West issues at Under the ,Soviet disarmament this week's session of the United plan, nations would be permitted States-Chinese talks. to maintain national forces for * * * the "safeguarding of frontiers," MANILA-Neutralist Indonesia which, without international con- and anti-Communist Malaya and trols, could be used to threaten the Philippines have agreed that other nations, Gardner noted. foreign military bases in their ter- It is this attitude toward the ritories "should not be allowed toj peacekeeping issue, as well as re- be used directly or indirectly toI fusal of the Soviets to accept subvert the national independence effective inspection, which is of any of the three countries." blocking progress on disarma- * * * ment, Gardner said. SEOUL, Korea-South Korean In the field of pacific settle- Premier Kim Hyun-Chul says he ment, the International Court has does not think Communist North had comparatively little business, Korea intends to launch a large- averaging about two cases a year, scale invasion of South Korea. By RUTH HETMANSKI Even though the peacekeeping capacity of the United Nations is an element of the answer to the question, "How do we get to Utopia?", it is those who work for the strengthening of that ca- pacity who are the realists, Rich- ard N. Gardner, deputy assistant secretary of state for international organization affairs said, yester- day. Speaking at the lecture series "Where We Stand: A Review of the American Position on Critical Issues," Gardner outlined two sides to the UN's "peacekeeping coin.". The first is preventative diplo- macy or pacific settlement. The second is international policing action to contain violence. by one nation or group of nations might be politically inexpedient, Gardner said. "It has often been said in criti- cism of the UN that it has not been able to keep the great powers together. The point is, however, that the United States has been able on numerous occasions to keep the great powers apart," Gardner emphasized. If general and complete disarm- ament is ever to be achieved, there must be a major buildup in the UN's ability for peaceful settle- ment and controlling internation- al violence, Gardner added. Na- tions will never be willing to elim- inate their arms until they have some substitute means of-protect- ing their territorial integrity and vital interests. l 1 1 1 i 4 7 a ..