W# Lid N> 'a an achievement Ten-Year Research Project in Psychology Basedy On, Atkinson's New Conception of Motives as Urges By Robert Junker tion test is given to women they tend to make higher scores. Social approval seems to be seen as an area for achievement for women but not for men, he commented. Also under the heading of "gen- eral psychology" may be listed the work in learning theory which Prof. James McConnell is pre- sently doing. varialesu p ysical and psy- chological) are operative in the selection of marriage partners? 2) What variables of the man arid woman individually, and what patterns of variables of the pair are predictive of marriage out- comes? .3) What personality changes in husbands and wives. occur during marriage? in I from Page PROF.JOHN W. Atkinson of the psychology department is con- tinuing work on human motivation which started about 10 years ago as one segment of the University's psychology research program. Prof. Atkinson's work, grouped under studies in general psycholo- gy, is being undertaken with a grant from the Ford Foundation. Charles P. Smith of the same de- partment, assistant to Prof. Atkin- son on this project for the past two years, explained the research is based on Prof. Atkinson's theory that "motives are urges to obtain certain kinds of goals or satisfac-. tions." Thus a hunger-motive, he said, would be a desire for the satisfac- tion that comes from eating. Be- ing tested in this experiment are the achievement motive-a striv- ing for excellence of performance,- the affiliation motive--the indi- vidual's desire to maintain and es- tablish relationships, and the fear, sex, aggression and power mo- tives. SMITH REMARKED that meth- ods of measuring these motives are being tested. 'We are trying to find the best way of measuring: motives, and when we are fairly certain of a 'measuring technique, we use it to attempt to relate mo- tives to behavior. We are als6 at- tempting to determine how mo- tives develop in people," he con- tinued. Some of the motive measuring techniques being used in this ex- periment are the story completion test, in which -the subject is asked to - complete a partially related tale; a test where the subject writes a story to fit a picture he is shown; and a test where he i checks his preferences in a list of activities. This study also analyzes "doodles" made by the subject,' and in another technique tests his memory for interrupted tasks. Smith explained how this last technique is used to measure mo- tives. The idea for this test came from the phenomenon known as the Zeigarnick effect. In European restaurants, waiters handle several tables and keep customer's checks, in their memory; they do not keep1 a written record of the cost of the meal.; When, after a meal, a customer asks the amounit of the check, the waiter can tell him, but if you were to approach this waiter after the customer has paid and ask how much that man's meal had cost, the waiter probably wouldn't re- member, Smith related. This gave researchers the idea that as long as remembering the cost of the meal was important to the waiter, that is in enabling him to do a good job, he remembered. it; when, however, this incentive was removed by the man paying the checl, the waiter discarded this information. The waiter thought this information import- ant until he had reached his goal, namelW getting paid, and then he no longer needed it, Smith ex-' plained. r IS SAME memory device is now used in the University psy- chology laboratories to measure motives. In the lab, subjects are given several simple tasks to per- form in a half-hour period, for ex- ample, building blocks. Several times during this period the subject will be interrupted before he completes one of the tasks. At the end of the period the subject is asked to recall as many of the tasks, both completed and incompleted, as he can. The psychologist then looks at the findings, especially at the re- lationship of comfpleed to incom- pleted tasks which the -subject re- called. "The individual who re- members many incompleted tasks would seem to be a person who has a motive ,to do a good job, the achievement motive," Smith ex-. plained. This, and other, areas of research will be described in a forthcoming" book, Motives in Fantasy, Action. and Society," edited by Prof. At- kinson. ANY RESEARCH in behavior, Smith continued, leads to the question of how motives originate. To answer the question, "Do the values of parents influence the personality of their children?", the researchers used groups of parents and tested both parents and children to determine the in- fluence on the offspring. The earlier the mother requires the child to be self-reliant, to choose his own friends or find his own way around town, and the extent:.to which she rewards him for this,. for example with affec- tion, the better the chance that the child will develop a strong mo- tive to achieve, Smith commented. WHEN A CHILD who has been self - reliant to some degree since early childhood grows older, he will tend to want to work hard at'things. This is viewed as an en- during personality characteristic, smith said. Just how parents .train their children toward self-reliance is being studied in a national survey, and a similar study will be made in Lebanon by Prof. E. Terry Pro- thro, visiting professor in. psychol- ogy at the University. "At. present there is. some, evidence from questionnaires to. indicate that Jewish and .Protes- tant parents make earlier inde- pendence demands on their chil- dren than do Catholic parents," Smith added. "There are unexpected differ- ences between men and women in the results obtained in our attempt to measure the strength of the achievement motive in individ- uals," Smith continued. "In fact PROF. McCONNELL is experi- menting with planaria, a small worm which possesses a bilateral, synaptic nervous system. These worms have the ability to learn at a very simple level, and Prof. Mc- Connell is attempting to determine where in the worm's nervous system the learning process takes place. When planaria are surgically divided into two or more complete sections, they have the capacity to regenerate into two or more com-' plete organisms. The fgeneral plan which Prof. McConnell plans to follow involves testing these regenerated: organ- isms for retention of learning given the original planaria before surgical sectioning. IN TE F I of personality and clinical psychology, Prof. R. Lowell Kelly, acting chairman of the psychology department, is directing a project which began about 20 years ago. AT THE START of the project, 300 couples were assessed with a wide variety of techniques which yielded several hundred pre-mar- riage variables. During the first five -years of. marriage, follow-up reports were obtained annually- for most sub- jects, and ,in 1954-55 a definitive' follow-up was completed.- In the final follow-up which Prof. Kelly is using as data for his study, categorical outcomes of each couple (broken engagement, still married, death, divorce, etc.) and fertility were determined for all 300 couples. In addition a large portion ofe the original subjects were re-as- sessed with the original techniques used and provided detailed reports of their marriages.' Prof. Kelly and his research as- sistants are presently engaged in analyzing this collection of data, and, because of the large number of variables and the complexity of the relationships involved, except that the analysis will require sev- eral years to complete. - -I get rid of it. Back in my dormitory days the housemother tried it, and it turned out to be the farce of he year. For the several weeks that the Prohibition lasted, the cor- ridors rang with cries of "Go take a flying 5," or "Oh 6 it all to 3." *THE OTHER alternative is to Improve the situation. We may divide profanity into two general categories: everyday and Sunday- go-to-meetin' swearing. For everyday use it seems im- perative to salvage the few olkl terms that still show signs of life,, and to discard the rest, replacing them with a new profane lexicon. The need for cursory emphasis usually arises suddenly, and one must have a reservoir of terms on hand for immediate- call to action. Soon repeated usage will ex- haust the magic of the new voca- bulary, so new innovations and old burials must be made continuously, much in the manner of teenage slang. given up the ghost of belief in magical powers, we have to create our own mystery in profanity. One way of doing this is to draw upon a vocabulary with which your enemy is not well acquainted; yet he should recognize what you're saying enough to threaten his tender libido. The twentieth century American culture of atomic. power, tech- nology and automation holds -a rich cache of untapped words that can provide a distinctively modern profanity. 'I (Continued from UNDAY-GO-TO-MEETIN' pro- fanity is for those special oc- casions when we need to express our strongest emotions. C'est a dire this is the real poetic art of profanity. It need not be limited to Sunday. It should be somewhat of an extemporaneous, oratorical masterpiece: something new and. elaborate, with a touch of mystery. Most important, it must be red- bloodedly twentieth century. As we have seen, this is not a new idea, but it must be brought up to date. Burges Johnson point- ed out that even the early Greeks had a way of inventing oaths as they went along, "not because-the old terms were worn out, but be- cause they were not." Since Americans have generally PN THE Gelett Burgess novel Find the Woman, one Dr. Hopbottom assails an, obstinate truck driver with a fine example of Sunday-go- to-meetin' swearing: "What diacritical right has a binominal - exypendactile advous- trous holoblastic rhizopod like you got with your trinoctial ustilagin- ous Westphalian holocaust block- ing up the teleostean- wayanyway! If you give me anymore of your. lunarian, snortomaniac hyperbolic pylorectomy, I'll skive you into a megalopteric diameriferous auxo- spore." To which the truck driver meekly replies: "I beg your humble par- don. . . . I had no idea it was as bad as that." Of course development of a talent for swearing demands an increased awareness of people and the world around us, beyond the. help of Reader's Digest. The good swearer must develop careful judgement of the proper occasion to swear in the proper way. Perhaps we , can't all learn to swear as well as King Lear, Cyra- no de Bergerac, or Dr. Hopbottom, but with a little effort, a little in- dividuality, and a good deal of imagination, profanity may rise again to become everyman's art. great quantity, but so are consum- er goods (though almost entirely inferior to their American coun- terparts). A remarkable variety of foodstuffs is displayed. Resorts for children and the new stadium in Moscow are shown in table models. A complete display of the latest Russian books, even includ, ing atlases, is available for visi- tors to browse through. The exhibit, of course, has weaknesses. The quality of con- sumer goods is one, and art is an- other. Most of the Russian art is of the sort usually found illus- trating short stories in American magazines, with the general themes of peace and work pre- dominating. Most of the work Is uninspired; the major exception is a statue entitled "Beat the Swords into Plowshares," which has strength and feeling. BEYOND these two giants stands - a third - France. The French have by far the best art exhibit at the Fair.- The display is exclu- sively 20th century. Besides the great masters, it contains a sur- prising variety of immediately contemporary works of merit, from every conceivable school. It is better than many art museums, The country also has a .complete. book display, and sends scholarly French periodicals free of charge; to any visitor who requests them. The colonies are included with the mother country, and their dis- plays are perhaps more interest- ing than those of the latter to the visitor unfamiliar with them. The smaller nations appear to be having the most fun at the Fair. None has attempted to be thorough, but all have hit the high spots and hit them well. The Arab States, for instance, have two magnificent tile reliefs on the walls of the lobby, one de- picting a dominant characteristic of each of the five countries (Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Jordan - the murals are a year old), the other exhibiting the three great religions born in the Arab States (Judaism, Christian- ity; and Islam). The rest of the exhibit also has real merit. Cloth-of-gold and magnificent mosaics highlight the Syrian display, and Iraq has a table model of ancient Babylon that earns high praise. OTHER countries have shown similar good sense. Holland, for example, has taken advantage of a natural slope on one side of its pavilion to set up a dike, with the "ocean" (complete with wave machine) above, and an irrigated field below. A windmill in the field completes the exhibit which is the most popular the Dutch have. Tunisia has an Oriental bazaar, where handicrafts are sold to the accompaniment of song-and- MAGAZINE i Vol. V, No. 1 Monday, September 15, 1958 CONTENTS r ' Robert Junker is a member of The Daily editorial staff. I' Motivation Theory Being Studied By Robert Junker ":_ rr. . w f Try FOLLETT'S First USED BOOKS at BARGAIN PRICES - ew Books If You Prefer- FOLILET T'8 STATE STREET at NORTH UNIVERSITY Pursuing Peaceful Atoms By Michael Kraft Brussels-More Than Propaganda By John Welcher Birth of a Cement Patio By Thomas Hayden Profanity Re-examined By Dale McGhee E Page Two -Page Three _.Page Five ..-Page Eight --Page Ten Te /feet To'ilet ie atd ('pautne ar~e euaitz6Ie at icher'6 the tradition that is MICHIGAN 'is fine performance " driJ ): t1 # !!0 -!" i bbgo i* "{i~.. "'a .4 MAGAZINE EDITOR-David Tarr PICTURE CREDITS-Cover: University News Service; Page Three: Uni- versity News Service; Page Four: University News Service; Page Five: Brussels Universal International Exposition; Page Six and Seven: Brussels Universal international Exposition and United States State Department; Page Eight: Daily-Robert Kanner; Page Nine: United States State Department; Page Ten: -Daily -Denny Leland; Page Twelve: University News Service. COVER-A twenty foot deep pool of water shields the technicians look- ing at the uranium fuel rods at the bottom of the Phoenix Project's Nuclear Reactor. It is approved by the Atomic Energy Commission to operate at a milion watt power. -"U Treatments- and Hair. Preparations Choose from Aithoized Dealer for: BOZAK AR-1. 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