Sixty-Ninth Year EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNDER. AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG. * ANN ARBOR, MICH. * Phone NO 2-3241 'hen upinions Are Free Truth Win PrevawU "Now Does Everybody Understand Our Position?" AT THE CAMPUS: Miller's Wife' Shows Honor, Limbs LIKE A RARE vintage champagne, "The Miller's Beautiful Wife" is currently bubbling on the wide screen at the Campus. The story concerns the amorous expedition of a 17th century gov- ernor of Naples in his pursuit of the local miller's luscious wife, which is rather absurd because anyone can see that his own wife is no hag. After ordering the miller kept in jail for the night, the governor thinks all will be clear sailing. However, the clever miller escapes and when he peeps through his bedroom keyhole and sees the governor in his own nightshirt, he decides that two can play at the same game and t Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints. DAY, OCTOBER 17, 1958 NIGHT EDITOR: BARTON HUTHWAITE SGC Board in Review Decision Takes Dangerous Direction I 0 THE DIRECTION taken by the Student Gov- ernment Council Board in Review last night, if followed to its logical end, can only lead to the death of SGC as a vital campus and student organization. The decision at which the Board arrived was, in itself, not so terrible. The Board suggested that SGOC sit down with the administration and that both groups try to resolve their differ- ences. The only objection to this action is that it was based on a faulty premise. Dean Bacon announced that students had failed to consult with the administration on the Sigma Kappa issue, and Board members accepted this. Yet such is not really the case - SGC members did consult with Vice-President for Student Affairs James A. Lewis on the is- sue. But the fact that the students are again to meet with the administration will not do any harm. At the very worst /both groups will then have better appreciation of each other's point of view - and perhaps they will get to know one another better. HOWEVER, the manner in which the rest of themeeting was conducted was another story altogether. For instance, Dean Bacon made much of the fact that SGC had not called on Mrs. Jane Otto, Sigma Kappa Prov- ince President; to ask her to interpret Sigma Kappa's somewhat obscure resolution. True, the Council did not call on Mrs. Otto specifi-, cally, although anyone connected with Sigma Kappa was told she could offer information at any time; but the Council did ask Joan Taylor, local Sigma Kappa president, who also helped write the resolution, to interpret the resolu- tion-and Lois Wurster, a member of the house also contributed an explanation. Further, in last night's meeting, Dean Earl Moore of the Music School actively debated from his position of chairman, which as every- body knows, a good chairman shouldn't do. Even this, however, was not as bad as the whole direction the board took. The problem seemed to revolve about a letter Vice-President for Student Affairs James A. Lewis wrote the Council in which he stated that after examin- ing the constitution and by-laws of the sorori- ty, he and other admiinstrative officials (the Deans of Men and Women) were now prepared to certify that Sigma Kappa met all Univer- sity regulations. DEAN ROBERTSON remarked, it appeared there was a difference of opinion between the administration on one hand and SGC on the other, after both groups had examined the same materials. This did not seem to be the situation to other Board members. They felt that Vice-President Lewis' letter to the Council was "administrative practice." This meant that SGC could not then find Sigma Kappa in violation, because it is not permitted to act in these matters con- trary to administrative practice and regental policy. At this point, Dean Robertson asked the crucial question: Does this mean that when- ever the Council is to decide a crucial decision and it gets a letter from the administration presenting the administration's point of view, it must decide that way? THIS IS REALLY the heart of the matter - for if this is the case, Student Government Council has no power. Dean Bacon claimed that this practice would apply only in sorority and fraternity recogni- tions. She said that previous practice of the Deans was to examine all problems concerning sorority recognition and then report their de- cisions to SGC. Yet, SGC has the right according to the SGC plan to withdraw or grant recognition to or- ganizations in accord with Regental policy and administrative practice. IN SHORT, the problem became a jurisdic- tional dispute, with Dean Bacon asserting that the Deans made this decision and SGC President Maynard Goldman pointing to the SGC plan (approved by the Regents) which said this action was SGOC's responsibility. One finds it difficult to see why there should be any such problem. Two years ago, when the Council found Sigma. Kappa in violation of University regulations, the Board upheld SGC's right to do so. At this time the Dean of Women submitted a statement to SGC saying that the constitution was not in violation of the rules; then SGC decided the issue,.not on the basis of bias clauses, but rather on other action taken by Sigma Kappa. Now Dean Bacon says, that the only reason SGC's right to arrive at this decision was upheld in 1956 was because the administration also thought Sigma Kappa was in violation - it agreed with the Council. THE LATEST situation, according to this reasoning, is quite different. The adminis- tration now thinks Sigma Kappa is obeying the rules, and then wrote a letter to SGC say- ing just that. And, if SGC still persists in finding Sigma Kappa in violation, it is now operating coptrary to administrative practice, because the administration no longer agrees. How a letter discussing the viewpoint of three administrators can be viewed as "prac- tice" is beyond logic. And if the letter repre- sents administrative policy, it spells the death of SOC. For any time administration differs with the Council, it may send a letter to SGC and the Council will have to vote accordingly. This serves to make SGC no more than an administrative wing of the University - and, in fact, little more than an errand boy, at that. This is not student government. -RICHARD TAUB Editor - ' N 4 a1 4 At6W.'PTC"^PP 1a Q CAPITAL COMMENTARY: Disarmament Fallacies By WILLIAM S.. WHITE promptly goes after the governor's wife. After many comic misadven- tures, it is explained that both wives have acted honorably, the governor learns his lesson, and all ends happily. In the title part, Sophia Loren is an extremely tempting morsel. She displays a fetching comic tal- ent as well as her very shapely limbs. VITTORIO DE SICA has shed his neo-realism, donned a long, curled peruke, and emerges as a comedian in the grand farsical manner. His leers, winks, and oggling are alone worth the price of admission. Particularly funny is the scene in which he stands behind a sheet on Miss Loren's clothesline to gaze at\her as she goes wading in the mill stream to retrieve some clothes.' Surrounding him is a palace guard that rivals Max Sennett's Keystone Cops for hilarity. All the supporting roles are played by ac- tors possessing a sure sense of timing and a highly developed skill for comedy, Especially out- standing are the miller, his serv- ant and the governor's bumbling secretary./ Mario Camerini's d i r e t i o n never allows the comedy to lose any of its fast, sparkling pace, even though it does contain some rather serious elements and im- plications, The Italian landscape and col- orful 17th century costumes are a real delight for the viewer's eyes. The street fair scenes are worthy of special attention. -Patrick Chester. LETTERS to the R EDITOR 4 W ASHINGTON - The United States is about to enter a nuclear disarmament negotiation of immense and subtle danger to the free world at a very bad time and in circumstances that could hardly be worse. These discussions, mainly be- tween us, 'Great Britain and the Soviet Union, open in Geneva, October 31. This will be on the eve of our Congressional elections, which will cap a campaign where "peace" has been almost as power- ful an issue as plenty. The Eisenhower Administration has long been under demands, sometimes from our allies and al- ways from neutralists such as India, to agree to some unqualified step toward a permanent halt of nuclear tests. Now to these ol'd pressures will be added the domestic pressures arising from the elections here. Nobody runs in favor of sin. And almost nobody of any vast political influence is prepared publicly' to take a position for indefinitely continuing tests that do release to some degree an undeniably nasty poison. NEVERTHELESS, any long- term nuclear cessation could not possibly be in the true interests of the West unless it were ac- companied-as it will not be-by Russian agreements for: 1) At least a start toward dis- armament in old-fashioned weap- ons like tanks and aircraft and infantry. These can still kill peo- ple, though it is often forgotten. 2) A dependable international nuclear policing system. For the unpleasant fact is that in conventional arms the Rus- sians are far more powerful than the West. They have perhaps 500 divisions of effective troops as against perhaps 100 at most for the West. And they occupy a mas- sive continental position as against the dispersed positions of the West. , Thus the Soviet Union could enter nuclear disarmament in good faith and still wind up with an intolerable military imbalance on its side. Many here and in Europe choose not to look at this harsh reality-but this averting of heads. will not make it go away. .This is a case in which a sik.- footer offers tosput down his knife if his five-foot adversary will do the same. It is the logic of the old story about the law that was absolutely even -handed: it al- lowed the rich and poor alike to sleep in the public parks. THIS VIEW is held here - though rarely expressed-by men who do not really dislike peace or cherish atomic fall-out, and do not really see a Communist under every bed. Nevertheless, astonish- ingly, it has never be'en strongly explained or widely propagated even in this country. So, we go to Geneva far behind in a propa- ganda struggle of the cold war. 'And it is largely our own fault. True, the world's Nehrus would in any case insist that everybody lay down the atomic weapon at once. But India-and others like India-has a thoroughly honor- able but thoroughly foolish ob- session against power itself. Many, here and abroad, would not be willing so fearfully to mortgage- their own securityif'only they knew the essential truth. They do not know the truth be- cause there has been a great failure of leadership. And to re- cover the position is no ,job for the generals-for they are "the brass" and, of course, not to be trusted. Nor is it a job for the diplomats; these know the present score but not how to win the game. THIS IS A JOB for a great, professional politician with the skill to persuade masses of people. to accept the sweat in hopes of avoiding the tears. Here is an opportunity to head the unpopu- larity ticket as of 1958-but per- haps to help save the world as of 1968. This is the hour for some American, or simply 'Western, politician to rise and tell the somber facts as Winston Churchill told them to Britain when Hitler was rising. And it may be too late already. There is military intelligence-not wholly confirmed but; still chilling -that already the Russians are separating their field forces so that some bear no kind of atomic arms. This would seem to indicate that they anticipate an atomic. arms laydown and are making ready to exploit the total power imbalance between West and East that would then result. (Copyright, 1958, by United Feature Syndicate, Inc.) I Free Enterprise for the Olympics FOLK CONCERT: Fried land Entertains LAST NIGHT, an encouraging- ly large and noisy audience saw, Bill Friedland rebel. The size and energy of the audience is in- dicative of the growing appeal which folk music holds for those neglected many who can boast of no beard, no lyre or guitar, no leotards. As Mr. Friedland suggested, these are not songs gaily danced to by the worker as he scurries along the conveyor belt. They are transient works, composed for the journalistic moment and often forgotten with the first wage in- crease. As such they reflect a wide range of moods and material. The best received songs were the humorous and polemical dit- ties such as "McCarthy is Coming to Town," the socialist plaint of "'They Changed our Party Line Again" and the gossamer romance of "Mamma, Mamma, I Want to Marry a Trotskyite," which sug- gested visions of the . fervent swain whispering sweet dialectics in his lover's ear. * * a TO CONTRAST with the satir- ic barbs of "Private Enterprise Forever" or "Profit will Prevail" were many Intensely serious songs such as "Internationale" and "Too Old to Work, Too Young to Die" but these could not hope to compete with the morelight- hearted refrains. Indeed, even the serious songs were received, with great show of cynical merriment. Although many of theksongs were enhanced by audience parti- cipation there were remarkably few mass demonstrations. Not even once did we all arise with' clenched fist and gritted teeth. Although Mr. Friedland is not so talented as he is knowledgeable, he proved himself intensely fa- miliar with at least three chords. -Eli Zaretsky No Time . . To the Editor: THERE IS A contradition in Mr. Junker's Sunday editorial, "Southern Time," that neither he nor any other person who proposes a "cooling off period" seems to recognize. It is the contradiction of time. As Mr. Junker points out, whites have been dominant in the South for seventy years. Not only have they been dominant, their domination has never dared to be challenged-before. Now a stand has been taken after, not seventy years, but hun- dreds of years an oppressed people has organized to obtain the rights recognized even in our Constitu- tion. This is a step the government itself should have taken. But that's past; The Negroes did it through their\ NAACP. And the Supreme Court had guts enough to uphold a principle. Now people are shouting down with the Supreme Court. Restrain its powers because it has forced Southern whites to realize that the White Man's Burden is an outmoded, invalid concet and that there are other "humans" worthy, perhaps more worthy, of that title than they. But because Southerners, some anyway, show that they are Just belligerent little boys who play with dynamite instead of fire- crackers,, editorialists have sug- gested that we give them time to grow up. But, how in God's name, will they grow up in a year or two years or twenty years if they haven't done it in seventy, if they haven't grown up since 1863 when slaves were supposedly freed., No, Mr. Junker, this time we must maintain our stand -Jerry Manning No Honor... To the Editor: IT'S OBVIOUS that the loser of the Michigan - Michigan State game should "win" the Governor's trophy ..., and that this year we were both lucky. Put Paul Bunyan back in the warehouse! -Jane Zale ,53BAd Spoiled.".. To the Editor: SBRIGITTE BARDOT in her movie is not at all enticing. She just looks like a spoiled college girl who ought to be soundly spanked. k-A. E. Davis DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETIN (Continued from Page 3) sor political rally on the Diagonal, 2:45-5:3 p.m. Nov. 3: women's Athletic Association, Lantern Night, Hill Aud. 7:30 p.m. Approved, with amendments the p- titioning and election rules for cam- pus "election. Approved poll locatiia and hours for 'campus elections. Lec ures The American Association of Univer- sity Professors invites all interested faculty members, whether they are members of the Association or not, to its first meeting Monday, October 10, 7:30 p.m., in the East Conference Room of the Rackham Building. Professors Also Henderson, M. M. Chambers. Sher- idan Baker, and Robert L. Williams w1il discuss the Russell report. Lecture: Sponsored by Depts. of His- tory and Near Eastern Studies. George E. Kirk, Prof. of History, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard Univ., "Abdel Nasser and the Arab Nationalist Movement," Fri,'Oct. 17, 4:10 pm., Aud. A, Angel Hall, Lecture: Frederick Kieser, New York. architect and artist, will lecture on lecture Is sponsored by, the' Dept. of Architecture;, studehts and faculty are invited. Conference: Training Conference, for Michigan Hi-Y-Tri-Hi-Y YXouth Legisla- ture will meet on Sat., Oct. 18, 9:30 am, to 4:40 p.m. at the School of Bus. Admin. The meeting is. sponsored by the Institute of Public Administration." A cademic Notices Psychology Colloquium: "The Reunion ,4f Philosophy and Psychology." Dr. Michael Scriven, Dept. of Philosophy, Swarthmore College. Fri~, Oct. 17, 4:15 p.m., Aud. B, Angell Hall. Rhodes Scholarships-Applications for consideration of local selection corn-., I NATIONAL OLYMPIC WEEK will draw to a close on Sunday. But it will only mark the beginning of a fund drive which will last until the 1960 edition of the United States Olympic Team reaches Rome for the worldwide competi- tion. According to Kenneth L. (Tug) Wilson, presi- dent of the United States Olympic Committee, "There has never been a greater challenge faced by the Un\ited States in its bid for con- tinued Olympic Games prestige." In this re- spect, -Wilson puts forward the most honiest, statement of our athletic position and its rela- tion to America's prestige. During the past summer, a track team from the United States competed with the Russians at a meet held in Moscow. While the men's division was taken by the United States, Russia captured the women's group. In a pre-meet agreement, both countries agreed that there would be no total team score, but the Russians violated this agreement and boasted that a combined Russian team had beaten the United States in track. 'HE EXAMPLE is not new-once again the Russians attempted to use athletic competi- tion as a weapon'in their battle for psychologi- cal advantage in the continuing "cold war." Editorial staff RICHARD TAUB, Editor MICHAEL °KRA JOHN VICHER Editorial Director .City Editor DAVID TAR Associate Editor DALE CANTOR...... ............personnel Director JEAN WILLOUGHBY...Associate Editorial Director BEATA JORGENSON......... Associate City Editor ELIZABETH ERSL%....Associate Personnel Director ALAN JONES........... .............. Sports Editor CARL RISEMAN.,...... .....Associate Sports Editor SI COLEMAN............. ....ASsoiate Sports Editor DAVID ARNOLD--------------flh.t..1 Photjw,.aha.. in 1956, the Russians were far ahead of the United States in minor sports competition and claimed the unofficial victory in the Melbourne Olympic Games. Their previous complete subsi- dization of athletes gives ample warning that in 1960 they will use every means possible to make Rome the stage for a complete Russian propaganda victory. Again, the United States is faced with the challenge of financially maintaining their Olympic team. In past years, all out campaigns have been necessary to arouse the interest of the American public and in many cases, these campaigns have even fallen short. A good number of nations subsidize their athletes through a government tax program. There has been a great deal of sentiment in the United States to adopt this means of pay- ment for Olympic Teams. It has been felt that' by having congress appropriate necessary funds, the uncertainties of financing would be re- moved. With the removal of this uncertainty, many top athletes, who have been leery of try- ing out for Olympic Teams, would now be able to participate with more confidence in their backers. HIOWEVER, it would no longer be "a gesture on the part of the American people," but an American propaganda weapon. To some groups, the use of the Olympics for this purpose is highly rational. In this case, the games would became a contest of superi- ority between the United States and Soviet Union. To others, the free competition of athletes without governmental support and influence is something to be proud of. To them, the games may still be an arena where athletes from around the world can enjoy honest competition, for the sake of competition. TPHE ORIGINAL PURPOSE of the Olympics, conceived before the battle of ideologies reached into all crevices of human activity, was sports for the sake of sports. Unfortunately the SGC IN REVIEW: Council Moves into Academic Areas By THOMAS TURNER Daily Staff Writer STUDENT Government Council has begun to direct a major portion of its activity into the area of academics. Broadly speaking, its efforts may be divided into two types: direct services and long-term projects to improve the Univer- sity's intellectual climate. The direct services would in- clude the examination file now being set up in the Undergraduate Library, the proposed course eval- uation booklet and a familiar project, the Student Book Ex- change. s a s THIS IS NOT to say that these projects are necessarily helpful from an academic viewpoint. It is undeniably an advantage to the students to be able to buy and sell books with a middleman less profit-conscious than the city's book stores. While an exam file is doubtless an advantage to a student who wishes to do well on his own exams, it could be said that stress on exams is not intellectually healthy. But as long as the Uni- versity continues to rely on exams promising and could draw nothing but praise from administration and faculty if properly worked out. - Prime among these is the Forum Committee's p r o p o s e d week next April or May during which outstanding A m e r i c a n thinkers would visit the Univer- sity. They would if possible ap- pear in classes, eat in dorms, fra- ternities or sororities, and meet students at informal coffee hours, according to Forum Committee President Barry Shapiro. Mentioned by the committee as possible participants in this pro- gram have been sociologist David Riesnman, critics Lionel Trilling and Edmund Wilson, economist John Galbraith and novelist Jack Kerouac. The significance of such a program, would lie not so much in the names -- the University Platform Attractions bring some important-sounding people here- but in the fact that they would really meet students and ex- change opinions with them. Such projects should continue to take 'a good deal of the Coun- cil's time, for it is the one organ- ization representing all the stu- dents. The upshot of well over an hour of such proceedings was three insignificant alterations to the petitioning and elections rules. Campaigning in residence halls and fraternity houses and the like must be subject to the rules gov- erning such places, petitions may not be circulated in classrooms, and incumbents may not begin campaigning until a non-incum- bent has returned his petition and thus may campaign. , . . Last Night's M Y r :x..: "::..} Y:.:ga::.. >; .i;} l." .: '" S+:sr?>t 9 '?;-} ? d:}f a? r: $':&:r'? ;-rr'}KS; Y ;$:>.;a :4 C; q t;s:;rl7"' {": ii is?: -i;:: " .. F...l..??......:., f,..F :+:": {;".;?;.};{-4_.}}"{r.i }Y:" S;"}:"}i i:} x"l. :.: f.:-:.- J.. rr.":Y4X4%}}}F": rr.f rr,"i'r:"i:4Y::i:.}.t:? : r: ?... r:... viY}::?":}:::"r: v: %: v'"?}}'": }:":8: v.v::::: "iii}i:{4:::::::::.:.v.x:9i:i:}T$; $}; "}:iYi:+."Y:ii Yr{:+.:: '.}'Ji:-:ii::::.u::.:w:::;; :.v :v: :":.r,"v ::.... l...... r.:::::: r:::::" " ................ v..:....:.., :; ".:. .:.... -..r: v::; ..r..... "iv.v r. :..{ ....... ........... ....r ": :+i:Y":h}}}}}:::::.:::r.. :i., {^"ti: it+ ti}:j??jy{?':}Y. : :::"' l ,:',; ..::: v:.v:: :" ::" ::::::::::::::.. " x.vr.vrw:::.v:, r..vv::. s ^.}v.v.:: v4:.. Yi G:i :;>Yi i::}C::::'i':}' : }$i:::}.:Y: ii ii"rrfi:: :i:"'f. .. .::..:.:.::::::::::::.v.:..::;:.::".v:.:"}:}i::v;?{!rr :?{"}":: -":.": ..: rirf"}':+.}:{..r :::::.}irY'{{{ti"}}: ! ': ^'Yi'"'r i 4'"iii::^,ii "}i ?{:i.:it ¢¢"?"; ,!,,, ff,,;i} v. :h:4;:^}}::4}i:.ii:"}}}iii}:::.v:i ?4}y.v: i:: }::::::::.v::::,..:..".: .'}:"..::. ...r::... { ,": ". :: {::::.y:: ;:::{:?r: ;.>:v:Q:: i}i':?{ is % i<::ii': }: i:h:': i}i}::": }:{h;;^i'{;ti:>}}}}:{i.}Y.v{.};. .......-..:: :v:: :.:..^.. :::.- :: i: is i"" -.-r.",v,. :vY." :v: :.}i:': ii:i:?v. : i'r;:::,v.: }:-:i ": .-..::.t. ., ....: x:;: , '}ii:-::':G4i:::+:v .....::::::::: ::".v{: :i :"i}i}-...........r :.. .:.. w;}; };:":"}}::: {i:v.}}v.,?,:, i:.v:: i}:"ij; : i'ii: ri f}:ice : iii:":= :+:l:iiis^:i:j :;" ;;iiY:i':ii{ii?:":_i; "$ri;Y:v:: }iii }i:$4}:4:$"i. }i }; ": {".?:i}v: iii ~+:: y ..h.-r :t"Y"i :o-c>'::ii5:"}}:: :.{ti : '. i}? S:a.{;: r?': i'':"':; i:%"ir: r;.,":i:;:'":} a{... :". ::Y.-:i'?i': i:<"r:{ $?iiiii:4:L{;: ;};: rr: --r ::ir>,:"vi::t i'ii:::: f is :;;{+' ;: rr,'?:r? iS:r::4.r"?$ii:^::::i:;ii:ii'r:ti{::"ii}i}};-:{r > ....-...... ........,...: - :^.} :"}:;:v: ::::.."..:{'i:?Y."}:.::.'C "...+ r.- ..:..:.:.r fv: rr. .n.' .... {..r-; v.;.}}h ":h:.v:h':i: r.: ::::::::.:ter::: ": :: "- ...-.-...... : :#i:;;:;:.,- ,vsY: r :"::a"":.:w::"rs: ; ::" d::"i'hS: Tri:"}' :o:::: r;" } 'i::S:S::;Y{:?::;:;:y ..:......... ::"x<:a}r.,-:::: r.,r ;.iY{:-r: ".i .,:":...... "r,:":>i L { x:>Y:: {- ?- ' ....:{" ..J. 'i=:::<::-:"w i:;{:" r.".l:rvr:::: h}'::: i'"}}r: %:::=::: ?; _ is r{:'ii :%ii}:JX">:ti{":i Xi: ::.2^. ri? _ }:fir .::. ". ::.4%::"'r}:'"}:4i:rv}}:::v:::: t:."': {: ".: ":::.. ........::....:.. ::: ' " .: i:::::::: Y.. .... } - .: "': n}vr :.}": {v "}'{;,"r{ r.} i;7: '4t+'';h;::.v:::. .::>. is ::. '1 +N3i+NY.S! "f5". .:t .,'{-:}:: ... ':irr:i'; ":: :h:: ;".:"?:::"}}:Yi is?"}}:"}:{. .fit}' "}:: . :::.} : ":. is{{: :::.: .: ...:.:: .... .:..... M R. rr"y: if;: rn.::.'r:":v "i"r.".}w.::v: w:r" ".:v ; :nv}:" i{' vi}:::. ::"":}:::..w;:::"Y;- :{. ...... ... :rr.": ri:^rr v: xt r..-.-.: ..v--. :%.. ., ..., . rr:'tk+ 'rfvr :: fi." .. :? ,-i. r"{::$:%: ':? t;.<::}{:tiff r f :. + ^%$," r.."Y...r..rr i;:% i:r5''1s:i t3 . :{:::%:i>i?"r i:l:4i i':; r: :i"Y-Yvr' '{ i.. }. r. ..,Y....-. :..:r.