Seventy-nine years of editorial freedom Edited and managed by s+udents of the University of Michigan Abortion methods: The real and unreal Maynard St., Ann Arbor, Mich. News Phone: 764-0552 Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints. TURDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 1970 NIGHT EDITOR: JUDY SARASOHN i~liken and the 'U' budget: Erosion of an institution FACED WITH A sagging national econ- omy, accompanied by inflation and an election-year reluctance to increase taxes, Gov. Milliken has resorted to major funding cutbacks, which,if approved by the Legislature, will -have dire implica- tions throughout the state. But perhaps the severest consequences of the cutbacks will be felt here at the University, and at other public institu- tions of higher education, which were treated in a curt and unrealistic manner in the governor's proposed budget for the 1970-71 fiscal year. By slashing $8.3 million from the Uni- versity's requested state appropriation to the general fund, Milliken has gi ve n tacit approval to another tuition hike here - the third in four years. For even a perfunctory analysis of the University's projected "essential" expen- ditures from the general fund shows that they will be far from met by the expected income from the fund's sources of re- venue. THE APPROPRIATION of $75.7 million which the governor requested in his budget message would allow an increase of only $6.7 million over last year's gen- eral fund budget. And, with an eight per cent increase in faculty salaries and fringe benefits high on the administration's priority list, t h e $6.7 million is immediately depleted. This increase, plus pressing wage increases for non-academic staff, have been estimated at $6.45 million. If the boosts in salary and staff bene- fits remain as currently budgeted - and University administrators say they will be hard-pressed to keep the increases n'ear the projected levels - the University would be left with about $400,000 to distribute among the $8.3 million in es-, timated general fund increases which were not covered by Milliken's request. Some administrators note that a siz- able portion of the $8.3 million must be al- located by the University . to "essential" programs. In addition, the long overdue demands from black students at the University for increased minority recruitment with an accompanying boost in financial aid must be adopted without delay. CLEARLY, THE governor -has refused to recognize the urgency of these pro- grams, and the others which may have to be cut for lack of funds. But the im- practicality of the. governor's budget re- quest is even more serious. In presenting the appropriation requests to the Legis- lature, Milliken asked that at least $1 'million of the state's allocation to the University be earmarked for specific pro- grams. Given the almost mandatory salary in- creases, and the $400,000 which would be left afterwards, the governor is actually suggesting that even the University's al- locations to many current programs be sharply reduced to accommodate his pre- ferred programs. It is unfortunate that Milliken remains unaware of the steady erosion of the University's quality as an institution of higher education over the last several years. As its national ranking for average compensation to full-time faculty mem- bers continues to drop, it becomes easier for better financed institutions to attract the University's better faculty members. In addition, the University's inability to meet increasing enrollment with a proportionate increase in faculty mem- bers has led to a steady rise in class size, to more and more freshman and sopho- more classes being taught by graduate students, and, in recent weeks, to the impending establishment by several de- partments of restrictive quotas limiting the number of non - concentrators in upper-level courses. This last factor, which department chairmen say is unavoidable, can only serve as another obstacle to the attempt of many students to secure a "liberal edu.., cation"-which demands exposure to a wide variety of fields. And the almost inevitable tuition in- crease which is the upshot of Milliken's mathematics threatens to maintain the University's deplorable status as a school for white students with money. ALTHOUGH THE Legislature must still pass, on Milliken's appropriation re- quests, and they are likely to make a few changes, there is little cause for optimism. In the last few years, the legislators have declined to raise higher education appropriations above the governor's rec- ommendations to any sizable extent. Admittedly, the state has been con- fronted with a steady decrease in re- sourdes. But this has been due, in part, to the government's reluctance to seek a graduated state income tax. It is unfor- tunate that education must suffer be- cause of politics. And students at the University, mean- while, will be told to fill in the financial gap left by Lansing. Alternatively, the University might opt for sharp reductions in some programs, total elimination of others, and a continuing decrease in the number and quality of the faculty. Either way, those most injured by this continuing financial merry-go-round will be the students. -ROBERT KRAFTOWITZ x i 1 i f t By JIM NEUBACHER (fifth of a series) NEED AN abortion? Just ask anyone and they'll tell you that "speed" causes a woman to naturally abort her pregnancy. Just take some methedrine and your problem is solved. It's not true. The rumor that oral ingestion of speed causes a mis- carriage is just one of the many "fad" methods of abortion that catch on in Ann Arbor every few years, and then die out. "Since I've been around, there've been at least three or four stages of this. It's a real problem," says one Ann Arbor gynecologist. OFTEN, THE rumors are given a sort of credibility by med students, said a Detroit clergyman who does abortion counseling. Despite their ability to rattle off names and drugs, they are often as misinformed as everyone else. Many times unethical med students find access to pills and drugs and capitalize on the general ignorance of the public by selling the medication, claiming it will work. "The problem is, they automatically have a 10 per cent success rate," says the doctor. He explained that 10 or 12 per cent of all pregnancies abort on their own. Most persons are. unaware of this, however, and when a woman after taking a perfectly useless pill sold to her by a med student for 50 dollars experiences a na- tural abortion, she becomes a living testimonial to his business. "One student I remember, was selling capsules of as- corbic acid, plain old vitamin C," said the doctor. "The funny thing is that at the same time, researchers were studying the possible ways to use ascorbic acid in pre- venting miscarriages." HE EXPLAINED that another recent "fad" method of abortion was derived from fertility pills. He explained that a variation of the pill, is administered to women who, because of tension, worry, or nervousness miss their menstrual period. "This happens frequently in young women," he ex- plained. He said the pill is administered for five straight days, and then discontinued. "About two days after, a ; period occurs, and the cycle is restarted." Are reporte Often, however, these young women who miss their period due to such nervousness fear that they are preg- nant, and fall prey to the unscrupulous drug dealer. They are sold five of the fertility pills, take them, menstruate, and think that they are experiencing an abortion of their imaginary pregnancy. The only real effect is to relieve their worry. ADD THIS TO the number of those who really are pregnant, and who experience a naturally-caused abor- tion, and you have a large percentage of women willing to swear by the effectiveness of a perfectly useless drug. The fads will likely continue because of the illegality of standard, well-known methods of abortion. But re- searchers are seriously studying some theories that might lead to a truly effective form of oral abortion. ONE SUCH FORM, "the morning-after pill", has been in use for some time. It's effectiveness is generally limit- ed. however, to within 3-5 days after conception. Originally developed to prevent endometriosis, a dis- ease affecting the lining of the uterus, the drugs in the "morning-after ,pill" cause the lining to change. Taken after conception, the same drug prevents the fertilized egg from implanting itself in the lining of the uterus and forming a placenta, thus making it im- possible for the fetus to develop past five days of life. At the next menstrual period, the stunted fetus is re- leased with the normal menstrual fluid. THE "MORNING-AFTER PILL" is perfectly legal; there is no ban on the drug since it is used for other genuine medical purposes. In fact, it is as absolute a form of abortion as a surgical operation. Most women, however, don't begin to search for ways to end their pregnancy until they know for sure they are pregnant. Often, this is four to six weeks atfer con- ception. Thus, work goes on to develop a pill that will be effective this late in the pregnancy. ONE SUCH PILL is being tested, but is not available for public use. Whether it will be legal, even if found to be safe and effective, is questionable, since research- ers claim it could end a pregnancy as late as five months after conception-something current abortion flaws are unlikely to allow. According to one doctor, the pill will most likely work on the same theory as some of the anti-cancer drugs now being used. The approach is to administer a cyto-toxic drug, a chemical that attacks or destroys cells. Since cancer cells, just like a fetus in early development, grow faster and multiply quicker than regular cells, they assimilate more of the cyto-toxins and die. The regular cells are affected somewhat, and care must be taken to administer proper doses in order to avoid killing the patient while curing his cancer. ANOTHER DIFFICULTY of these drugs is the doc- tors' willingness to use them. When confronted by the alternative risk of allowing cancer to develop, doctors often take the risk of using cyto-toxic drugs. When the alternative is pregnancy, however, they may not recommend such a course of action. The oral method of abortion, then, does not exist yet to any real extent. And the'surgical methods are illegal in most cases, However, doctors looking ahead to the day when abortion might be legalized and attempting to improve techniques used in the few legal abortions performed each year, are also testing new surgical methods. Dr. Crosby J. Eaton of the University's Women's Hos- pital, writing in the Journal of the American Medical Association in March, 1969, described "aspiration", a suction means of evacuating a pregnant uterus. He explained it is "simple, fast, and attended with less blood loss" than the simple, safe operations now per- formed called "dilation and curretage", a scraping of the walls of the uterus witha sharp tool. EATON'S METHOD uses a vacuum device to clean the tissue out of the uterus with great efficiency, eliminat- ing the danger of puncturing the uterus that always exists in a "D&C". But aspiration, like "D&C", can only be used legally to serve an extremely small percentage of the women who seek abortions each year. Unfortunately, the fads, dangerous and unreliable as they are, will continue, as long as more conventional solutions to the problem re- main contraband. lI 9. tools' for the police? (EDITOR'S NOTE: Tep following article, written by Prof. Yablonky of the journal- ism department, was originally broadcast over University radio.) By BEN YABLONKY Daily Guest Writer SOME JOURNALISTS will argue that there is a special confidential rela- tionship between a reporter and his sources, much like that which exists be- tween a clergyman and his parishioners or a lawyer and his clients. What passes between them, except for that which is voluntarily made public, is no else's busi- ness and is not subject to subpoena. In so far as newsmen are concerned, that notion has been tested in the courts many times and some ardent reporters have even gone to jail to protect their sources. The question being tested at the moment in a rather sweeping way is whether the courts have the rights to use a journalist's material, not only that which has been printed or broadcast, but all other material as well, say a newspaper reporter's notes, or the unused tape recordings or film, in the case of a radio or television news or documentary program. Now, newsmen, like any other citizens, recognize that they have an obligation to serve justice. Few of them would hesitate to volunteer pertinent evidence in a trial, and many of them have. But'where should the line be drawn between the law and the journalist. a THIS QUESTION ARISES with a grow- ing concern among broadcast news execu- tives and newspaper and magazine editors that law enforcement officials are increas- ing their efforts to collect intelligence data about radical movements from the news media.. Time magazine, in reviewing this al- arming trend, quotes an unidentified New York City newsman as saying: "The way things are going, reporters will soon have to preface an interview with the caution, 'You have the right to remain silent and to have a lawyer present. Anything you say may be taken down and used as evidence against you.'" That may be stretching the situation a bit, as the magazine points out. But the evidence is indeed alarming to newsmen. The courts-local, state and federal-have been exercising their subpoena powers, in the last year or so, demanding all sorts of material from the news media. THE SUBPOENA splurge against the news media began after the 1968 Demo- cratic convention in Chicago and its at- tendant rioting and demonstrations. News- papers, magazines and broadcasters re- ceived subpoenas from federal and state grand juries, United States attorneys and states' attorneys, the city corporation counsel and assorted individual plaintiffs and defendants. In Chicago, last October, there were a new rash of subpoenas directed to the news media after the radical group, the Weathermen, staged their window-break- ing spree. The subpoenas went to editors of local newspapers and broadcast stations and came from government attorneys, only to be followed by similar subpoenas from , a special county grand jury. In December; again In Chicago, following the gun battle between Black Panthers and the police more subpoenas were is- sued. Lawyers preparing a defense for that has been investigating the Black Panther Party. The managing editor of the New York Times, A. M. Rosenthal, in a statement, said that the management of The Times was consulting with its attorneys on the implication of the terms of the federal sub- poena with a view to advising their cor- respondent and determining what position should be taken by The Times. In New York, CBS News was served with a subpoena recently, calling for news film, including outtakes - those portions de- leted from the material shown on the air- on the Black Panther Party. The material in question involves a CBS program, "60 Minutes;' Jan. 6 broad- cast which carried interviews with the Black Panther leader, David Hilliard and another leader of the Panther party, Eld- ridge Cleaver, who is in exile in Algeria, The subpoena in this particular case was sought by the Secret Service, acting for the Justice Department, and stems from charges against Hilliard that he threatened the life of President Nixon in a speech Nov. 15 at a Moratorium Day meet- ing in San Francisco. The subpoena directed at CBS is sweep- ing in its demands. It seeks a complete record of all correspondence, memoran- dums, notes and telephone calls in ar- ranging the Black Panther program, in- cluding the interview with Cleaver. It covers the period from mid-1968 to 1970. IN STILL OTHER action which has come to light recently, the federal courts have subpoenaed the files and unused pic- tures of Time, Life and Newsweek -maga- zines, dealing with the Weathermen faction of Students for a Democratic Society. A spokesman for the Justice Department has maintained that there was no change in policy. He is quoted as saying that for years the department had obtained in- formation from the news media, partic- ularly in civil rights cases in the South, some times voluntarily and sometimes through subpoena. However, executives of the news media are not so sanguine about the latest moves. CBS has indicated that it will comply with the subpoena but is considering taking the matter into the courts to define the areas of the subpoena powers.. A statement issued by the general coun- sel for the network, Paul Sternbach, in- dicates the dilemma facing CBS-and other media for that matter. It says: "Questions have been put to CBS concerning subpoenas in certain pend- ing criminal proceedings. CBS is legal- ly required to comply with valid sub- poenas issued on behalf of either prose- cution of the defense. However, If a particular subpoena for news material is unduly broad in scope, or would create an unwarranted burden on our news operations, we attempt to narrow the subpoena-by negotiation, or if necessary by appeal to the courts-in an effort to eliminate the conflict be- tween the principles of a free press and the power of judicial inquiry." As an illustration of the reference to an unwarranted burden on news operations in the CBS statement, one television station has contended that the search for and reproduction of film strips requested by I /i Fleming should take scholarship law to court -Daily-Thomas R. Copi PRESIDENT ROBBEN Fleming is trying to satisfy both the government and the students in his policy on the rescind- ing of scholarship money from students convicted of participating in lisruptive demonstrations. Unfortunately, there is no way he can please both sides. Last spring when the state bill was in legislative committee ,Fleming went to Lansing to testify against the repressive law. Today he has a chance to turn his testimony into action. Students and fac- ulty are urging him not to .comply with the federal law which request the names of students involved in disruptions, and to test the constitutionality of the state law which requires that he submit the names of convicted students. FLEMING HAS decided not to send in the names of those convicted in the LSA sit-in to the federal authorities. However, he is sending in a letter inform- ing them that the disruptive demonstra- tion took place. He is taking this action to insure that the University's grants Editorial Staff HENRY GRIX. Editor STEVE NTSSEN RON LANDSMAN from the Department of Health, Educa- tion and Welfare are not rescinded. If he does send the letter, it is a simple matter to check the local newspapers for names. Therefore, even though Fleming is 'theoretically in agreement with stu- dents and faculty, he is effectively com- plying with the law. On the state level, Fleming is consider- ing challenging the law's constitutional- ity. But, he will do so only if University lawyers believe there is a possibility that the case can be won. IT IS IMPERATIVE that this law be tested in court because of the serious question that it raises. One of the worst results of the law is that it discriminates against, poor stu- dents whose continued education is de- pendent on financial aid. This is especial- ly true for minority group students, many of whom received state Economic Oppor- tunity Awards. This bill says to these students either you can have an education or you can be politically active with the corresponding political philosophy, not both. The law also creates a system a double jeopardy, or triple jeopardy if you in- that they would disclose some germane information. Trezevant, who is also general manager of the two Chicago dailies, the Sun-Times and the Daily News, charged that these dragnet subpoenas had led to what he called reckless fishing expeditions through newspaper files and a harassment of the editorial staff. As a result, he said that the publishers' association was preparing steps to quash a subpoena in a test case, designed to es- tablish guidelines for a more orderly pro- cess of obtaining material from the media. The big problem, Trezevant says, is to find a way of fulfilling civic duty to the judicial process without disrupting normal operations or becoming an investigative agency for the prosecution or the defense. He said further that his two newspapers were strongly opposed to any attempt to subpoena notes from reporters, a practice he described as a dangerous restriction to freedom of the press. A similar concern over the subpoenaing of newspaper files has been expressed by the president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Norman Isaacs, editor of the Louisville Courier Journal. He says, "I am afraid that has all the earmarks of the domino theory. If we start by accepting the jurisdiction of the federal courts into our files, we can become vulnerable to all kinds of local or congressional investigations. I am seriously concerned over the broad Qrcn il-the wpnn a. nfiva of Cho4L. material on the Weathermen from con- fidential sources, and that the magazine was negotiating with the United States At- torney's Office in Chicago to delete any identification of these sources from the files before they were presented to the court. Other news executives have pointed out that the use of the subpoena powers by the courts could well undermine the basic function of the news media to gather and disseminate information. That point was made by the president of CBS News, Richard Salant, who is him- self a lawyer. He says, "This can't become a drag- net operation in which law enforce- ment people are relying on us to do their police work. People are going to duck when we come around because they'll think we are arms of govern- ment. Our sources will dry up. We have trouble now covering the activi- ties of militants because they regard us as a part of government." THIS IS THE BASIC issue, from a prac- tical point of view. The media are already suspect among radicals and militants, as Salant says. In fact, aside from ideological considerations, young militants simply do not trust the news media because in a few instances, neswmen have leant themselves as undercover agents for law enforcement authorities and this puts the faith and trust of all newsmen in jeopardy. The cour'tsq rrtainlu are going to have f