WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 19, 1967 IBE MICHIGAN DAILY PAGE SEVEN WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1967 THE MICHIGAN DAILY PAGE SEVEN . 01. Classification Brings Cash, Problems (Continued from Page 1) there were doing work that was classified in some manner. Staff research, likewise, may result in dual reports for the government and the public. For example, last year a stu- dent working on his doctoral dis- sertation at Cooley under Air Force sponsorship wrote a two- volume thesis on "A Study of Ran- dom Acess Discrete Address Com.- munivations Systems," which dealt with computer theory. The first volume, which dealt with theoreti- cal considerations, was public and constituted the actual dissertation. The second volume, which was classified, dealt with potential ap- plicationsrof the theories. Some dissertation work conduct- ed under a classified contract re- sults in fully declassified reports. Last spring, a student received a PhD for work in "The Design of Signals to Achieve Minimum Am- plitude Variations," a study of communications theory. Although the research itself was classified, the student wrote only a public dissertation. To work on a classified project or to get access to classified ma- terial, a person must do three things. First, he must be cleared by the Pentagon to the level of the material with which he will be working. A person with a "classi- fied' clearance can use only "clas- sified" material while a person with a "secret" clearance has ac- cess to both "classified" and "secret" material and so on. Second, the facility at which a person works as well as the person himself must be cleared. Third, when a person seeks ac- cess to classified material, he must have "a need to know." This means the Defense Department must be convinced that the person has a legitimate reason for ob- taining the material. Small Portions Officials point out that often only a small portion of a project may be classified. However, under Defense Department security rules, if any part of a project is classi- fied, the entire project must be classified. Also, a project which in itself has no military applications but which, for research purposes, must have access to classified ma- terial must be classified. Generally security measures are tightly enforced. For example last week a University official visiting WRL was stopped three times when he walked down a short corridor without an escort. "For convenience's sake" an ef- fort is made to obtain security clearence for all staff members at both WRL and Cooley, Evaldson and Butler said. According to Evaldson, all of WRL's 270 aca- demic employes and appjroxi- mately 170 student employees are cleared or in the process of being cleared. He said clearence usually takes about three months to ob- tain, Butler said that of Cooley's staff of 80, including 48 students, all are cleared except for 10 or 11 for- eign nationals who are unclear- able. John W. Wagner, security offi-; cer in the Office of Research Ad- ministration, has responsibility for processing of security clear- ance applications and for the phy- sical security of research facili- ties on Main and North Campus. Basic Qualifications Wagner said the basic qualifi- cations for clearance are that the person be a U.S. citizen or, under; certain circumstances, a perma- nent residentmalien,and that he be at least 18 years old. He said' that, to the best of his knowledge, no university applicant who met; those qualifications has ever been rejected. The responsibility for physical security of laboratories and docu- ments is largely in the hands of research personnel and Sanford Security Service. At WRL, San- ford Security guards are station- ed in buildings where classified work is done. At Cooley, the guards patrol only at night. Evaldson said the more obvious security measures in force at WRL are largely a result of the layout of the buildings-numerous labs il old buildings with multiple en- trances and exits-which makes control of persons entering the facilities difficult. Wagner said the most serious after-hours security difficulty he has encountered is that research- ers occasionally leave safe-files unlocked at the end of the day. Beyond the simple nuisance,; security restrictions impose some real problems on researchers. A major problem is the transfer of knowledge gained military projects t civilian applications Because of mili tions, much inform to apply developmer uses remains classif ers said. Project directors pressed a concern the availability of r ings for civilian use ing up the declass cess. "We like to1 among the leadersi creased disseminati mation," one said. "Remote sensing curity problem," Morgan, director of feared Physics Lab, on classified i Connolly cites the case of manu- lock up all files at the end of the o declassified facturer who got a government day were "a nuisance." S. |contract for the development of a "We'd be better off without tary applica- gas laser for the Defense Depart- them," he added. nation needed ment. Willis E. Groves, director of nts to civilian The contract was classified, so Project MICHIGAN, an Army ied, research- the developer was prohibited fiom sponsored $2.5 million-a-year pro- selling the laser he developed to ject on battlefield surveillance at WRL ex- the public. research, said that doing work for for increasing While the firm was working on the Department of Defense and research find- the government contract, its com- accepting the attendant security and for speed- petitor, who had lost the con- restrictions "allows us to research ification pro- tract, moved and grabbed a large on things that are important think we are share of the lucrative civilian rather than things we can in seeking in- market. afford." on of infor- "To date." Connolly continued, "Across the board," Groves "the Defense Department has not continued, "we are proud of the led to a se- yet declassified any equipments fact that we have contributed to said Joseph developed under Defense Depart- a stronger nation. the WRL In- ment contract or other systems Total Support citing a case related to such military systems. "If we could have our total ..... .*,.*.*.*.*.*:*.ri"*.*is*i::::::: .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Several of the lectures to be presented in this course will be classified at levels up to and including Secret. Therefore, course at- tendance will be restricted to U.S. citizens holding a final (not interim) Secret security clearance. In order to facilitate the answering of questions which may arise during the course, proper security clearance will be required for all attendees as a condition of admission to any lecture or demonstration. Need-to-know certification is also necessary. The U.S. Air Force Avionics Labor- atory will provide security sponsorship of the course." -"Principles of Synthetic Aperture Radar," course description in the University publication "Engineering Summer Conferences." where Defense Department secur- "... The Pentagon has develop- ity restrictions stymied develo,)- ed a complex mathematical for- ment of a civilian application. mula by which capabilities of in- "The earth science people were frared systems can be measured very interested but they needed as a means of making classifica- to know more than they were tion determinations. permitted to know," he added. "The formula guarantees ,ioth~- "Since 1962," Morgan con tin- ing to those who may wish to do ued, "we've made extremely slow away with those old and meth- progress" in speeding the declass- eaten segments of the security ification process. blanket. But development of the present support all from non-De- fense Department sources, I don't think we'd elect it as an alterna- tive," Evaldson said. "The De- fense Department has been such a strong leader." Defense research is "in the mainstream of historical science," Holter said. "Archimedes invent- ed Greek fire and Leonardo Da Vinci designed tanks." "The trend is toward much less classified work," said Hans- ford W. Ferris, chairman of the electrical engineering 'department.' "Of course, that's not to say we don't wvant classified work: in many cases, you get much further along with classified work. "Basic ideas are not classified," he continued. "When you get into development, lead time is the only thing you have against a potential enemy. "In a technical field," Ferris added, "you can cut off your life blood and be two years behind without classified work. Some of our literary college colleagues aren't able to understand this distinction. We feel a technical man has the freedom to choose what he does or does not do." "When people say 'don't do classified research,'" said Groves, "they are talking about something that will be a long time in com- ing. Military research gives these guys (scientists and engineers) a chance to move and cash in." Tomorrow: A Closer Look at Willow Run Labs Now- one more thing not to worry about Neat discreet bags for pad disposal come FREE in each pretty new box of Scott Confidets. INTRODUCING INDIVIDUAL DISPOSAL SAGS INSIDE "A lot of people in the military think Michigan has been taking the lead in the drive to open in- formation," Zissis said. "This is the direction in which we want to move." The problem of declassification has led some profit-oriented pri- vate companies to stay away from military research because of re- strictions on development for ci- vilian markets. Writing in the Sept. 11, 1967, issue of the trade journal "Electronic News," Ray formula-and nothing more than the formula-after six years (of study) is certain to deprive the military of more valuable re-I search a n d development re- sources," he concluded. Mixed Feelings Researchers at WRL expressed mixed feelings about working un- der the restrictions imposed by classification. Marvin Holter, head of WRL's Infrared and optical senses laboratory, said some re- strictions, such as the need to -Daily-Thomas R. Copi A UNIFORMED GUARD watches the lobby of the director's office at Willow Run Laboratories. All visitors to the lab must stop here, sign in and be issued badges. The poster on the wall reads: "Securty, Too, Depends on Teamwork." I'. 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