Tuesday. April 2, 1968 THE MICHIGAN DAILY Page Three TusdyApil2 168THIMCIGA AL 53 DECISION: AT!-- *--0 - AF I I r 4 Court Puts Local Government Under One Man, One Vote Rule' i Sigerian war Ai .. Deadline Set U11111I~I,1diU Will Call WASHINGTON (P) -The Su- preme Court yesterday put local government under its one man, one vote rule. The historic 5-3 decision ex- tends the rule to an estimated 80,000 units of local government throughout the land. Justice Byron R. White gave the decision in a case from Mid- land County, Tex., where Mayor Hank Avery of Midland City ask- ed that the county governing body be apportioned on a population basis. The ruling extends a step taken by the court four years ago in interpreting the mandate of the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. It is that in elections for Con- gress and for state legislatures districts must be drawn so that the vote of citizens is substantially equal in weight. 14th Amendment "The question now before us," said White, "is whether the 14th Amendment likewise forbids the election of local government offi- cials from districts of disparate size. As has almost every court which has addressed itself to this question, we hold that it does." "A city, town, or county may no more deny the equal protection of the laws than it may abridge free- dom of speech, establish an offi- cial religion, arrest without prob- able cause or deny due process of the law,.' White wrote. The majority with White com- prised Chief Justice Earl Warren and Associate Justices Hugo L. Black, William 0. Douglas andE William J. Brennan Jr. , Harlan, who has been thel court's most outspoken opponentj of the "one man, one vote" ideol-t For Sunday Ibo Secessionists Told to Surrender Or Risk Total Defeat ' LAGOS, Nigeria (A'-The chief of federal Nigeria's military gov- ernment marked Sunday his dead- line for ending the country's civil war by offering secessionist Biafra peace talks or total military de- feat. In a speech recorded for broad- casting Sunday night, Maj. Gen. lYabuku Gowon. 33, indicated the , conditions for talks would amount to surrender by the former East- 60,000 More Reservists Stock Market Trading Climbs to All-Time High ogy, wrote that: "These adven- ern region, which declared in- tures of the court in the realm of dependence May 30. political science are beyond its As he spoke, federal troops were constitutional powers." reported closing in on heavily 'Frankly Astonished' ,populated region. But resistance He said he was "frankly aston- was expected to be heaviest in the ished at the ease with which the '10.000 square miles still in seces- By The Associated Press Prices zoomed to a spectacular advance and trading volume on the New York Stock Exchange soared to an all-time high yester- day. The stock market's high powered rally followed President Johnson's de-escalation of the Vietnam war and announcement that he would not seek re-election. The Dow Jones average of 30 VC Kill Ratio On Increase SAIGON (I)-Allied forces are killing an average of six enemy troops for every man they lose in over all combat, military of- ficials said Sunday. By some operations in recent weeks have produced double and even triple that ratio in favor of the allies, if the U.S. and South Vietnamese reporting system is accurate. The most prominent example of the increase is in Operation Xuyet Thang-Resolve to Win-in which Allied forces have killed 2,147 enemy and sustained only 206 losses. industrials spurted 20.58 points to court has proceeded to fasten' 861.25. upon the entire country at its low- Volume vaulted to 17.73 million est political level, the strong arm shares, topping the previous rec- of the federal judiciary, let alone ord 16.41 million shares traded ' a particular ideology which has on Oct. 29, 1929, the day of the been the subject of wide debate historic market crash, and differences from the begin- 3 -} +vv ,., y.......+v aaaaava! ., .,... aaa vvvvu Brokers said they felt John- sons curtailment of the bombing of North Vietnam was the major factor behind the market's rally. Elsewhere in the financial world London's gold market reopened and with indications gold's mone- tary role may be diminishing, there was no major bonanza for speculators whose buying rush closed the market 17 days ago. This weekend's agreement in Stockholm to create "paper gold" -a new form of international credits for world trade-dealt speculators their biggest blow in months. In effect, the world's major non-Communist trading nations, excluding France, agreed to ac- cept each other's paper promises to repay part of their trading debt wifhout the security of gold. This could be the first step on a long road leading to the end of gold as money, meaning a decline in the demand for the metal and drop in its price. ning of our nation." Harlan noted that in the present case, although the court's "ap- proach is intended to afford 'equal protection' to all voters in Midland County, it would seem that it in fact discriminates against the county's rural inhabitants." Oil rich Midland County in the prairies of Western Texas has a population of about 70,000. The Commissioners Court, the county governing body, has five mem- bers. One, the county judge, is elected at large from the entire county and votes only to break a tie. The other four are chosen from districts. In December 1962, Avery, a one time independent oil operator and architect, began a suit attacking this apportionment system. Meanwhile, last term, the Su- preme Court considered similar claims that the one man, one vote doctrine should be applied to local government in Alabama, Michi- gan, New York and Virginia. It did not give a definite answer then. Yesterday, speaking through White, it said: "When the state delegates lawmaking power to lo- cal government and provides for the election of local officials from districts specified by statute, or- dinance or local charter, it must insure that those qualified to vote have the rights to an equally ef- fective voice in the election process." 'sionist hands and it was apparent government troops would not meet k Gowon's target date, set at the first of the year. Biafran Capital Gowon's regime has several times claimed victory was immi- nent since the war began July 6. One of his officers once boasted the federals could march into the Biafran capital of Enugu in a few. hours. It took three months. As a condition for talks, Gowon said, Biafra must renounce seces- sion and accept being split into three Nigerian states under a pro- gram that took effect yesterday. Short of supplies and money,: the Biafrans have been reported3 backing away from insistence onj recognition of their sovereignty asj a condition for talks. Massacre One reason they have held out so long is belief that defeat will result in a massacre of the eight1 or nine million Ibo tribesmenc among the region's 13 million in- habitants. IThe Ibos, well organized andt adept in business, have been ob- jects of tribal hate in other Nige- rian regions. Some 30,000 weree killed in three outbreaks of vio- lence in the Moslem dominatedt Northern region in 1966. Gowon pledged Sunday that thet federal government would do all1 in its power to insure that "not Ibo man is molested or intimidatedZ anywhere in this country." Gowon told newsmen .he would regard as a sincere offer of sur-t render "a personal message, writ-t ten or by radio," from Lt. Col. C. Oumegwu Ojukwu, 34, head ofa the secessionist government. c --Associated Press Viet Cong Body Taken to Grave in Garbage Cart Bo.mbing Limit Results In -More Strikes on DMZ SAIGON (OP) - U.S. planes sitions encircling the U.S. Marine pounded the southern panhandle base at Khe Sanh south of the of North Vietnam yesterday, pos- zone in the northwest corner of sibly a prelude to intensified at- South Vietnam. U.S. warplanes tacks on enemy supply lines now have been averaging about 200 that -most of the North is off strikes a day around Khe Sanh. limits to air blows. Thailand Bases THIS WEEK THURSDAY and FRIDAY, April 4, 5 A MIDSUMMER, NIGHT'S DREAM Directed by Mbx Reinhardt, 1'935 Based on the play by William Shakespeare. Star- ring: JAMES CAGNEY, DICK POWELL, MICKEY ROONEY, OLIVIA de HAVILLAND, and ARTHUR TREACHER. SATURDAY and SUNDAY, April 6, 7 THE PASSION OF JOAN OF ARC Directed by Carl Dreyer, 1928 The last day in the trial of Joan and, her execution. "The distillation of a decade of creative film mak- ing on the Continent" CALL 662-8871 . President Johnson's order to end the bombing of most of North Vietnam, including the heartland around Hanoi, the capital, and the chief port of Haiphong, could mean harder blows at supply lines. But he permitted air raids in the southern panhandle of the North around the demilitarized zone. Informed sources said most of the day's strikes were aimed at truck convoys, storage areas and weapons positions in the Dong Hoi area about 50 miles north of the demilitarized zone between North and South Vietnam. Strike DMZ The sharp curtailment of bomb- ing in the North meant that Air Force planes and Navy fighter bombers from carriers in the Gulf of Tonkin can strike heavier blows around the demilitarized zone and the Ho Chi Minh trail route of supply through Laos. Greater air attacks also can be launched at North Vietnamese lo- U.S. Navy planes have been con- centrating on the Northern tar- gets. There are three aircraft car- riers normally in the Gulf of Ton- kin about 100 miles off North Vietnam. The Air Force has been raiding the North from six bases in Thailand and several in South Vietnam. Johnson's order also ended the offshore bombardment of most of the North, usually carried on by U.S. destroyers, a ,cruiser and an Australian destroyer. In his Sunday night address, Johnson said the bombing was be- ing halted over about 90 per cent of North Vietnam. Officials in Saigon and Washington declined to give specific areas. The secrecy was seen here as part of a move for use in bargain- ing with North Vietnam for peace. Some sources hinted that the bombing restriction might extend to Vinh, 130 miles north of the demilitarized zone. Many military men, who would not be quoted by name, were cri- tical of the decision that brought a partial halt in the bombing campaign. Others welcomed the President's action, saying they believed it might bring about a speedier end to the war. Artillery Hits U.S. Air Base SAIGON UP)-The Viet Cong shelled Saigon's Tan Son Nhut airport early Tuesday, the first attack on the big military civilian complex since President Johnson ordered bombing of North Viet- nam curtailed. South Vietnam's biggest oil tank farm, at Nha Be six miles south of the capital, was shelled for the second straight day, the U.. Com- mand reported. The attack on the Nha Be- tank farm appeared heavier, al- though a spokesman said he had ao details of damage. Shell and Esso oil companies have instal- ations at Nha Be and a military facility is nearby. Nha Be was hit by about 90 mortar rounds yesterday. i #I 1 t t 1 To Activate 15,000 Men. Tomorrow WASHINGTON MP) - The ad- ministration plans to tap as many as 60,000 reservists to back the Vietnam war effort and bolster the readiness of uncommitted military forcesswatching the home front. Defense officials disclosed the planned mpves yesterday while cautioning that the exact size of the reserve mobilization could vary up or down depending on Pentagon studies now under way. The first impact will come to- morrow when the Pentagon is due to order up perhaps 15,000 re- servists, mostly Army. Tet Offensive Several thousand are needed in Vietnam to provide support for combat units which were rushed to South Vietnam in February following the Communists' Tet holiday offensive. In addition, Gen. William C. Westmoreland has asked that one of the units which was flown to Vietnam during the emergency buildup-the 27th Marine Regi- mental Landing Team -be re- placed by Army troops. A few thousand new troops-some regu- lar, some reserve - will be ex- changed for the Marines, officials said. President Johnson announced Sunday night that an additional 13,500 men would be needed for the war, raising the over all U.S. co mitment to 549,000 in coming months. The previously announced authorized level was 525,000 and about 511,000 are there now. Further Call In future weeks or months, of- ficials said, there will be a further call up of reserves, expected not to exceed 50,000, to help restore the nation's Strategic Reserve Force, an active duty combat aggrega- tion kept in the United States to meet emergencies in remote areas. Officials were not more spe- cific as to the possible size of this last call up but indications were the military would like a division size force-roughly 45,000--to re- build the Strategic Reserve force. The reserve call up will involve mainly Army units, plus a few Navy construction outfits and pos- sibly Air National Guard units. Manpower Bind A reservecall up has long been urged by military leaders to help ease the manpower bind. Because of Vietnam the Strategic Reserve Force (SRF), which has supplied men to go to the Dominican Re- public, among other areas, has dwindled to less than five full di- visions. Specific units which will be called up were not identified. Of- ficials said, however, some will come from the selected Reserve Force, an assembly of specially chosen Army reserve and National Guard units which have been maintained at a high level of readiness the past two years. Units now in the SRF include the 28th Infantry Division of Pennsylvatia, the 38th Infantry Division of Indiana and the 47th Infantry Division of Minnesota. Four Brigades In addition there are four bri- gades in the SRF, any one of which might be affected: the 67th Mechanized in Nebraska and Iowa, the 69th Infantry in Kansas and Missouri, the 49th Infantry in California and the 29th Infan- try in Hawaii and California. The make up of the SRF is scheduled to be changed around in the next month or so. How- ever military men expected the original SRF group would be tap- ped for manpower in the call up since it already has had exten- sive training. Men called up as part of the replenishing of the Strategic Re- serve Force would not go to Viet- nam. Officials said there might be several stages of reserve call ups in order to provide Westmoreland with periodic supplies of man- power replacements. 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