II
"If you're ed to takin va-
cations h year, and your
po com from amity
that didn't travel much, ome
ne tiating needs to take pl
By talkin a ut what i impor­
tant to h of you, a cornpro­
mi e can b r hed." One
may come to njo)' takin va­
catio and th other can learn
to b ati fied taking few r of
them.
UPL
P th ir goal to ea h other,
, yet understand that th e goal
can chan e. Each h the op­
portunity to change th ir mind
they grow and focus on dif­
ferent priorities. You will both
have different priorities as indi­
vidual and a couple. For
exam pI . he may be into
lothe . but he may want
money to own a ports car.
It' al important to learn
to hare and make pending de­
cisions in a way that's fair. De­
cide togeth r h much money
you're going to p nd on a new
television, for example, or who
will pay wh n you go out to
dinner, movies and leisure ac­
tivities AI 0 decide how to b t
set up your financial accounts
at th beginning of your mar­
riage. For example, you may
choose to have a joint avings
and checking ount to pay
the bill , and each maintain an
individual unt for discre-
, tionary needs.
DI RETIONARY ac­
counts usually include money
for Clothing, gifts personal
grooming, etc. '
U e direct depo it at your
finan ial institution to distrib-­
ute money' to your joint and
individual accounts. Because
you each have different needs
agree which expenses to cover
with di cretionary accounts.
Then it doesn't become an i -
ueofher king hi permi ion
or hi asking her permis ion for
every pur hase made.
Denny's
names Black VP
NORMAN J. HILL
PARTANBUR;, ' '-, TW Serv­
ice, ner of Denny's H rdee' ,
Ouincy ' Family teakhousc and EI
Poll 0 taurants, has changed
thecompany' nam to F1agstarC m­
paru , and h 'named Norman 1. Hill
as vice prcsldent of fi Id human re-
uurc r Flag: tar' nearly 2
company-op 'rated r tauran ,a new
pG_ ition.
Hill. 1, Will have ovemll pon-
ibility for th em pI ym nt and em­
ployee r lallon. initiative for
Fla tar' more than fi Id em­
ploy
A native [Akron. Ohio, Hill re­
ived ill b' 1!(·1 r'� de ·r in b,' :-
ne admi'nistration from the
. Univ l'Slty of Akr n in 1972.
African American entrepreneurship is rooted in slave occupations and had
been impeded by discrimination, denial of education and capital
y I Y
T. fol/o ing artie! is taken from
ajor tudies of Minority Business:
A Bibliographic Review by Dr. Ba .
The book was r cently published by
the Joint Center.
Artl ans of
Antebellum America
Prior to the Civil War, free Bla ks
were prominent in lines of business
that ed the kills they had cquired
as laves. Th ir uccess in barbershop
and beauty parlor operations, cooking
and catering cleaning and pres in ,
and hoe rune and repair has been
eenas shrewd capitalization of ial
proscription.
Since whit entrepreneurs tended
to avoid busin of ervi e stat ,
BI ks in many cornrnuruti had lit­
tle competition in th e fields. An af­
fluent white cliental-naturally
inclined to be erved by Blacks-pro­
vided the patronage for many of the
uccessful Black-owned busin
during the 19th century.
REQUIRI G
larg amounts' of capital and educe­
tion or accounting kills were the least
common lines of enterpri e operated
by free Bla . Even if the technical
and economic ob tacle . could be
ove�me, the ho tility of the white
community would de troy Blac
firms that they thought were socially
inappropriate.
By the mid-19th century, most
southern stat h d P ed law for­
bidding Bla ks from engaging in any
line of busin that required the abil­
ity to read and write. '
In th North, Blacks were denied
the right to sue, and Black merchants
were generally unable to obtain trade
credit. Bla ks endured only in th e
fields that were consi tent with the
sub ervient tatus of th [reed lave.
Regional dive ity in the busin '
a tiviti of Black entrepreneurs re­
flected a complex array of cial atti­
tude and inti tutional racial
cons trai nt . In Loui iana freed
Blacks participated in a wide array of
busin activities. A pattern of race
relations reflecting Carib ean influ­
ences persi ted in that tate until well
beyond 1803.
min d nd di t rted BI ck en­
trepre u hip.
Blac at on time dominated
many killed trad in th South.
Rath r than, depend on whit labor,
lave m t typically trained th ir
own lav in carpentry, bl mith-
in , and other killed t . Slave
m nics we often allowed to hire
out on th ir own in return for a fixed
urn of money or a percentag of their
eamin .
WIll workers ap-
Emancipation Brings
Business Decline
However, eman ipation and the
po t-Reconstru ti n era handicapped
th B la k rti an cla .No I nger pro­
t ted by the lav owners, BI k ar­
ti ans had to compete in a free,
unsheltered market. whereas whit
were often prot ted b craft unions
and Jim Crow instituti ns.
For xarnple, a ter 1 5, South
Caroli na required that Blacks pur­
ch e licers for a fee of 10 annu­
ally before working a artisans,
mechani . and bopkeepers. Whites
were n t required to pay license fees.
'RAFTU 10 I M, with its ap­
prentice hip y tern, W' particularly
effective in diminishing the ran f
Black arti ans in the NOl1h,
The abolition f 'lavery brought
about a decline in the number of
Black-owned busin ' for everal
reas ns. The p stwar uth was in the
grip of a evere depre ion, and it
offered few opportuniti Ior accumu­
lating the capital necessary to reate
busin
The Blacks who .. tabli hed tirms
in retail Gelds were further handi­
capped by the economic tru ture of
the region. Mo t Blacks were then
living in the rural South, and they
reli d on th ir landlord or the com­
pany tore f r their retail needs.
If landlord. did n t run their own
commi . aries, they made arrange­
men with local white merchants to
upply their tenant farm rs' needs.
Thi y tern ef ectively i olated Black
mer han from m t of their poten­
tial clientele.
The trongholdr 0 Bla k busin
in the lat 1 h c ntury dil ered little
from, the tron hold' f Black busi-
n efore the Civil War.
IN ADOrn .. failing to cs-
tabli h themselves 10 new lin of
usin , Bla k entrepreneurs were
undercut in their traditi nal Geld by
the fk )0 of immigruti n 10 the late
19th century. Th Immigrants were
willing to camp te with Blacks in per-
nal ervicc ind tri ,and they
were quick to exploit bu in ppor­
tuniti in em ry nic urn n Black
cornrnuniti s. Th number of I ck-
Post World
War I-Buy Black
tially du gina! po ition 0
egro b i .It i 0 partly due to
prej udicial opinio amon whit
concerning b in bihty and per-
onal reliability of egro . In either
VlCIO circle i in operation
pin egro b i down.
Di rimination played many
rol in haping Bl b in enter-
pris . Di riminationin the labor mar­
ket m de it difficult for BI to
ccumulat th initial 'equity inv t­
ment that i required to create firms.
Th lack of Bla k-owned con-
truction compani in unionized ur­
b n ar w ca ed partially by the
traditional pr ctice of barring Blacks
from entering apprentice programs in
th building traces.
"THE HAITIAN migration of
skilled and educated Cr I ' in the
mid-1790s and again in the early
1 , before the Loui lana Purch e
{rom France sured the entr nch­
ment of. free men of· color in both
skilled-arid white-collar occupa­
tions" according to an article Juliet
Walker, "Raci m, lavery and Fr
Enterpri ie: Black Entrepreneurship in
the United Stat B for th ivil
War," that appeared in the Business
Hi tory Review in 1 86. Whitc tam­
ily connecti ns orneurncs c( ntnb­
uted to the u la .k-ow ned
f .... 1
patt 'rns of
to high con-
cio n . BI in urban cente
came together for mutual
and protection and quickly ped
the notion of building and upporting
their own b i enterprises, The
financial co trai that had tricted
Black entrepreneurs for 0 long were
ed for many of them during the
prosperous war years.
TH GR T D 10
wiped out many of the gains of the
previo decade. Bl c retailers, who
had often relied on the loyalty of
Black consumers to remain viable
lost their clients in drov . Black mer­
chants cried that they were being
abandoned by th ir ra ; Bl k con-
urn rs responded that they were be­
ing exploited b} th ra ial appeal of
Bla k merchan .
"BUY BLACK" entiment
prevailed, and many Black b i
were financed by churches and frater­
nal lodges, whose members would be-
The regional pattems of Black
busines' development in the
antebellum period were a
reflection of societal contrains of
varying intensity.
I ADDITIO, limited educa­
tional opportunities have alway
handicapped the Bl ck busin com­
munity. Th Blacks who were lured
into the world of business in the 1920s
were typically not th on who were
highly educated. Between 1912 and
1938, for example, 73 percent of
Black college graduates became
preachers or teachers.
Tho e who attended college were
r tricted by ocial attitudes about
which occupations were appropriate
for Blacks. Medicine, denti try, and
law were open to a fortunate few, but
Black college graduates were rarely
found in fields uch as engineering,
accounti ng, and general bus i ness.
These and other constraints produced
a Blaok business community that con-
isted largely of very small firms con­
centrated in a few lines of service
oriented ines
-SpeciaJ to th Michigan Citizen
come loyal patrons of the newly
formed firms, A conspicuous exam­
p Ie of the increasing racial conscious­
nes was the development of Black
new papers. A Black-owned printing
industry arose as' Black publications
multiplied.
In the 192 ,Black busines
were increasingly commonplace in all
areas of th United States. An csti
mated 70, Bla k establi hment
were operating by 1930, a 700 percent
increase over 1
Progres was particularly evident
in the life insurance industry, where in
1928, 32 firms employed over 6,()(X)
a en and controlled over 1 mil-
Acce to financial capital and
trade credit w limited, further con­
straining the development of Black
enterprise. Whi te ghetto merchants
have alway enjoyed greater access to
credit than Black merchants, and this
advantage 0 ten proved to be decisive
during th dep ed 1930s.
In his 1944 tudy of di crimination
in the United States, The American
Dilemma, Swedish ocial cientist
y rdal ob erved that:
T busin man en-
counters grea r -dif teuHi than'
whit in ecuring credit. Thi i par-
First Home?
First Home Mortgage?
First ederal
[i!l Loan tart Pre-Qualifie' You For Moitgag Financing
Before You B\lY A Home, ,
. The firvt step toward hu ing that home i.., \\ hen vou step into an
FiN Federal offi c and appl; for a frce [:::J Loanxrart "Pre-Qualification Certificate."
Once �()1I have it, it tell the cllcr vou'rc a serious buvcr, That' abig edge.
And the [:::J Rate Protection Pl.in "lock -in" your mortgage interest
, t a \C� c mpetitiv rare. That's pea .c of mind, Sec the fri 'ndl� people
, at Fir 't Federal for detail" They make financing your fir,t home
the la: t thing �()1I have to \HH� ahout. '
� Lo n tart Pr - ualifi ation.Anoth r Bi Id a from Fi t fI d ral of Michi an.
n of i higan' Bigg t ving In titutio in 1934.
ain : I 1 W ward Av nu .0 tr it. Mi higan 4 22 Ph n : (313) >5-1400
rul In ured