alcolm int rvi w from 1 5 i P rt n w coIl tion from Pathfind r hint rvi w low w giv n by Mal 1m X to a corr pondent for the J h nn burg und y pr . It i t k n form February 1 65: Th Fin I '-JLI""""",h , a new boo publi hed by Pathfind r. Coil ted in thi volume r t p eches and interviews from th thr wee prior to Malcolm' sas- ination on February 21, 1965. During this short period, he addressed audiences in Selma, Alabama; several erne in Britain; Paris; Detroit; R ch ter, w Yor ; and New York City. From city to city, in each of the meetings Malcolm stressed the need to view the struggle of Blacks in the United States as an integral part of the "global rebellion of the oppressed against the oppressor, the exploitation . against the exploiter." Along these lines, he explained why the liberation struggles in the Congo, Vietnam, and elsewhere were of key importance for fighters for Black rights in the United States and other countries. MUCH OF THE MATERIAL published in the new collection has been unavailable for more than two and a half decades; some of it appears in print for the first time. This is the first of several new books by Pathfinder that will print, in chronological order, Malcolm's major speeches. Since 1965, when it published Malcolm X Speaks, Path­ finder has been the central publisher of Malcolm's works. The interview with the Johannes­ burg Sunday Express was conducted in London, February 12, 1965, by cor­ respondent Alan Scholefield. It has remained virtually unknown for more than 27 years. At the time the interview was given, the apartheid regime was inten­ sifying its attack on democratic rights in, South Africa. THE ANC ITSELF, and other or­ ganizations opposed to the regime, bad been banned in 960 in the wake. of protests against the police massacre of scores of demonstrators at Shar­ peville. February 1965: The Final Speeches is copyrighted 1992 by Pathfinder Press. Question: How far would your movement take violence. in the strug­ gle going on in places like South Africa and Angola? Answer: All the way. As far as the South African situation is concerned, I don't give the Black credit in any way, shape, or form for restraining themselves or confining themselves to ground .rules that limit their scope of activity against their threatened society. I believe that the .only solu­ tion to the South African problem is the same solution that was u ed in Algeria or the onethat is being used right now in Vietnam.(1) Q: What would be your comment, then, on someone like the Nobel Peace Prize winner, Chief Albert Luthuli?(2) A: He is just another Martin Luther King who i used to keep the op­ pre ed people in check and keep them from u ing bona fide methods to pr duce bona fide results. I think the real I ader in South Africa are Sobuke and Mandela.(3) They are in tun with th tim . don't with ny ntiwhit ling bee don't h v ny ntiwhit antiwhit a bl nket ndem Q: ill your 0 ani1JJtio frican r voltuianarie ? : Oh, y , w beli ve th t it i on truggl in South Afric , Angol , ozambique, nd Al b m. They are all th me truggle. Q: Have your been ivin eitar moral or phy ·cal aid to African r volutionarie ? : I'd rather not an wer that. Q: Have you met many frican exiles-South Africans and 0111 rs? A: Yes. I've done a lot of traveling in Africa. When I was in the Blae Muslim movement Elijah Muham­ mad-the leader-would not let me travel. Not even to the American South. Last summer I traveled to Tanzania, Egypt, Kuwait, Lebanon, the Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, and Algeria. To me the South African exile is too complacent. He's sad about his condition but not mad. Now in Kenya the Kikuyu got angry and their anger is what produced the action that got them independenc .4) When the Black in South Africa reaches the same stage of anger, then the situation in South Africa will be resolved. I don't think economic factor will inter­ vene. Q: What are your co� ",s on the spread ofracism in Britain? A: People will begin to realize that racism is not something you can con­ fine to anyone country. Especially with the power and influence which America has. She is dictating today to almost to the entire world through propoganda media. American racism is a cancer spreading all over the world and it is having its effects on Britain. Q: You think that America is more to. blame than a country like South Africa? A: Formerly Black people looked on South Africa as just about the worst country in the world. But I think today that many Africans are begin­ ning to see that America and South Africa are not so different. The only difference being that South Africa preaches and practices segregation whereas America preaches integra­ tion and practices segregation. South Africa is a as. onest with its racism. America IS Just as racist whereas it is dishonest with it. South African racism is so open that people are on guard against it. Like when a person has a cold and you don't want to catch it, you make yourself immune to it when you happen to be around him. But now when you get a person who has a cold and hides the fact, you're more likel y to catch it from that person than someone who has an open cold. And American racism is so hid­ den, so subtle, so hypocritical-she spreads her racism wherever she goes. Q: You talk of subtle racism. Would you care to comment on the fact that almost nothing is ever heard of the A ustralian aborigine? A: Because the aboriginal Australian isn't even permitted tQ get into a position where he can make his voice heard in any way, shape, or form. But I don't think that situation will be too quiet too much longer. Q: Do you mean that your or­ ganizatonn proposes to Jake in people like the aborigines as well? A: Just as racism has become an international thing, the fight against it / MALCOLM X is also becoming international. Those who were the victims of it and were kept apart from each other are begin­ ning to compare notes. They are beginning to find that it doesn't stem from their own country alone. It is international. We intend to fight it internationally. Q: If violence is used, is there not a danger of racism working in reverse? A: [Malcolm laughs] You know I was surprised in Africa, since it was an area which had been so completely coveted by Europeans, at the mini­ mum of anti-European feeling. If there is any anti-European feeling it is directed at individuals-it's not a col­ lective feeling. I was quite shocked. I think the Africans basically will never be anti-anything. I don't think Congress of South Africa from 1952 it's in their make-up. until his death in 1967. In 1960 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. (1). An eight-year liberation war (3). Robert Sobukwe was president led by Algeria's National Liberation of the Pan-Africanist Congress front forced the French government to (PAC), established in 1959 by forces withdraw its troops in 1962 and that split from the African National recognize the country's inde- Congress. Arrested in 1960, pendence. · Sobukwe was imprisoned on Roben At the time this interview was Island unti11969. He died in 197�. given, the U.S. government was (4). The Kikuyu-one of the beginning to escalate its military in- peoples in the British colony of tervention in Vietnam. By the end or Kenya-provided many of the July 1965, there were 75,000 U.S. fighters who carried out actions troops in Vietnam, rising to 540,000 during the 1950s that were part of the by 1968. South Vietnam was struggle that led to the independence liberated in 1978. in 1963. (2). Albert Luthuli, an elected Zulu Reprinted from The Militant. chief in the Groutville area, was presi- dent-general of the African National New from PATHFINDER Special Prepublication Offer % DIIICOUIIF RJD:==-_ ,..".,.AIW �IIUII"C"" Join the . Pathfinder Readers Club Po, II $10 IIIIIIIMIl fee )'OU am tIIh IJdv.".e of sp«UIl . offers lih this lind get II 1596 discount on QU other Pathfinder rid�. AWJiLlble from yollt' loaJl Prlthfinder bookstore listed on page 12 or write Po,thfinder, 410 West St. New York, NY 10014. .., X spe«lta from tilt .t thr« web of MlIIcolm X� life, pmmri,., the explosm n