, • ·2 RDIGRAS . The e Council reI a contra e i , I te I t wee ve nt membe 0 i Gras organizations to jail for excluding pe 0 b ed on ce, religion or gender. : The council voted 5 1 to remove criminal penalti ,in­ cluding jail terms. HAITIA REPATRlA· : 10 RESU ED : The u.s. umed the forced return of Haiti n [efu I te I t week after the mill tary government of Haiti temporarily halted rep tri tion pf thousands of refugees. , The military government ar­ gued they could not assimilate such huge numbers of people so quickly. Eventually 1,500 a eek are expected to be returned until the more than 12,000 are returned. The Bush administration said most refugees are fleeing dverse economic condi tions and therefore do not qualify for political ylum. EYE ON THE POLLS? In his second turnabout on the issue, President Bush igned legislation Friday that will pro­ vide an additional 13 eea of jobless benefits for an estimated two million people. Habitat vows end to substandard housing in its home county AMBlUCUS, Oa. (APr.- Habitat for Humanity bas vowed to eliminate ubltandard housing in its base of operations-Sumter County -by the end of the decade. "1 think this is a worthy goal and one which can be reached," former PrcsidentJimmy Carter told Habitat. Carter is a friend of Habitat founder Mi11ard Fuller, and frequently helps build Habitat homes worldwide. Habitat, founded 15 years ago in . this southwest Georgia city, builds homes at cost for the poor worldwide. Last year the organiza­ tion build its 100,oooth home. ,Habitat'S board decided to ejlmtnate poverty housing in Americus and Sumter County at a recent board meeting. Fuller said. A board resolution said the agen­ cy,would accomplish the goal "by networking and cooperating with caurches, civic organizations, city and county government and other agencies. " The board also said it would elirnlnate • 'poverty and substandard housing in at least one international sponsored project by the end of the decade." . It did not specify where. Americus Community Development Director John Linneman said there art about 500 substandard homes in Sumter County that need to be demolished or repaired. Ten will be done this year, with more finished in each year of the decade, Fuller said. Habitat hopes to build up to 5,000 new homes this year in 800 U.S. ciiles and 36 other countrie about 1�homes 8 day. WORLD NATION meet. "IT IS THE re ponsibility of government, among other things, to ensure basic inve tments in people - in nutrition, health care, clean water, e nitatlon, family plan­ ning services, and education." The report cites the economic ucce tories of Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan to how that ex­ penditure on uch services educa­ tion and health are "not just social expenditures but economic invest­ men , not j t indulgences which can only be afforded after countrie have become prosperous but the founda tion wi thout hich widespread pro perity will not be achieved." In other words, concludes UNICEF, development proceeds mo t steadily when it walks on the two legs of a market-friendly economic policy and a government commitment to uring i tment in people . . Sk w d pending At present, the governments of_ the developing countries invest, on average, only about 12 percent of thcirbudgets in thehealthandeduca­ tion of the poer majority. Most of the available money, ays the UNICEF report, tends to go to rela­ tively high-cost ervices for a small minority of the population: "For 75 percent of public spend- ing on health to serve only the richest 25 percent of the population is not untypical; for more to be spent on sophisticated operations than on the low-cost control of mass disease is not uncommon; for 30 .percent of health budgets to be spent on sending a privileged few for treatment abroad is not unknown. • Transfers from developing countries Trade protectionl m I estimated to co t the poor world a further 50 billion a year in 10 t exports. Where aid goes Only about 15% of all aidqo to health and education (all level ) and to population programmes. Only about 2% goe to primary health care and primary education which are the mo t fundamental ervices for the poor majority of the developing world. 1.3% to population programmes 1.5% to primary health care 9% to secoridary and higher education employ. Summit goal The 1990 World Summit for Children agreed on the goal of a basic education for all children (and completion of primary education by at least 80 percent) before the year 2000. Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu told the Summit: "It SUCH DISTORTIONS in favor of the better-off are also evident in education. Despite decades of re­ search findings which regularly demonstrate that inve tment in primary education yields significant­ ly higher social and economic returns, government spending in al­ most all developing countries is heavily biased towards higher education. In India, where between 60 and 70 children could be given primary education for the cost of training one university student, approximately half of the nation's children fail to finish primary school, while the country as a whole produces more graduates than it can productively Malcolm X, e on book helve on Mandela now in outh Africa Books by Malcolm X and Nel­ son Mandela are for the first time widely available 'in bookstores across South Africa "As the walls of apartheid are being tom down, the people of South Africa can today read the books they were denied access to in the past," says Rich Stuart of Pathfinder Press, based in New York. What titles are sought in par­ ticular? "Malcolm X and Nelson Mandela, tt reports Stuart, "many of the same titles published by Pathfinder that are best sellers in Black History Month." Stuart recently completed a month-long visit to stores and libraries in cities acroSs South Africa. "Malcolm X twice visited Africa in the year before his assas­ sination in 1965," says Stuart. "He is known to many aero the continent a symbol of resis­ tance to racist oppre ion and colonial are But until recently, in South Africa at least, censor­ Ship made Malcolm's wirings al- . most impossible to obtain." Send all news information to: Michigan Citizen, P.O. Box 035601 Highland Park. MI 48203 OR Call 869-0033. , " A NUMBER 0 boo tores in JohnanDesburg, Cape Town, and Dwbanare now also featuring How Far We Slaves Have COrM! a new boo of speeches by Nelson Malcolm X, Nov mbar 1 ,at New York n' conf following trip to Africa. Photo by Robert Parent. Reprtn eel by .,.,..ftleltton of Pd1tlnder p,... , Mandela and Fidel Castro; 1M Struggle Is My Life, Mandela' political autobiography; and Thomas Sankara Speaks, writ­ ings and speeches by the slain former prime minister of Burkina Faso. Stores are al 0 displaying Pathfinder title by Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, Karl Marx, V 1. Lenin, and Leon Trotsky- all formerly banned by censorship decree. In the United State , as schools, libraries, and bookstores nationwide prepare for Black History Month, a bestselling title has been Malcolm X Talks to Young People; a new-collection of Malcolm 's peeches to univer- ity and high chool tu4ents in the United States, Britain, and Africa More than 20,000 copies have been old so far and a second printing of 15,000 has just come off the P Pathfindo' boola are avail­ able ill local bookstores and libraries or call be ordered direct from PaJhfiJuIu, 410 West sc. New York, NY 10014. is no exaggeration to say that the policy of promoting education con­ stituted the very foundation of Japan's development. In developing countries the first priority should be to institute and improve basic education- and raise the literacy rate among children so as to enable them to live with dignity. National development can take place only when all people have the oppor­ tunity to receive education.", In both Japan and South Korea, universal primary education preceded economic take-off, and in both the investment in education for all was made at a tage when per capita incomes were lower, in real terms, than in most developing countries today. IF THE GOAL of basic educa­ tion for all is to be met by the year 2000, then an extraordinary effort is called for in the early 1�, says UNICEF. Pioneering efforts in Bangladesh, Col umbia, and Zimbabwe, have shown that ace to primary educa­ tion for all children can today be achieved at an affordable cost. U ing such new methods, the extra money required would be ap­ proximately $5 billion a year throughout the 199