J
NA llON/WORLD
-2
P
Here re om of them:
A v t city of 2 000 wo ers,
earli t nd larg t of its kind, that
tretched two mile form th b of
th Sphinx. Archaeologi ts have
found parts of bo e furniture even
eed of ard n plan .
A cemetery for foremen, work
and their familie. On hundred
tombs hav been unearthed 0 far, 10
of them under m 11 pyramid .
They cont in t tue ,bit of
offering nd tablets in cribed to
Radical Black
gr'oup says it'
killed two police
'officers
•
BY BARRY RENFREW
ASSOCIA TED PRESS WRITER
JOHANNESBt,1RG, South
Africa - The military wing of a
radical black group claimed
today that it killed two police
�ffiCCrs a part of its campaign
o topple the white minority
ovemment.
Also today, a new paper
reported South African military
intelligence provided funds and
training to instigate black fac­
tional violence in the 1980s.
The Azanian People's Libera­
tion Army said "combatants"
killed two policemen on
Thursday in the black township
of Soweto near Johannesburg.
Police said the officers were
shot while on patrol.
"This is the year of revolu-
I tion,' .the group said in a state­
ment. Five police officers
have been shot to death in the
Johannesburg area since Jan. 1.
The liberation army is the
military wing of the Pan
Africanist Congress. It claimed
re ponsibility for the killings
Thursday, but no group claimed
the other deaths. Radical black
and white groups threaten to
use violence to try to prevent
mainstream parties from ending
apartheid wi th peaceful power
sharing.
The radical black groups in­
sist on total black rule, while the
white radical groups want
either to continue apartheid or
create anIndependent white
homeland.
A SERIES of bombings in
: recent days has been linked to
:'white extremists. The Pan
.: Africanist Congress is boycot-
ting talks between the govern­
ment and the African National
Congress, the main black op­
posi tion group, on" ending
apartheid.
The Pan Africanist Con­
gress says the government must
be toppled by mass action and
rejects negotiations as a trick to
continue white minority rule. It
has failed to show it has a large
following. The Weekly Mail,
an anti-apartheid newspaper,
reported today it had evidence
that military intelligence
funded black conservative
groups in the 1980s to fan black
factional violence.
It said military intelligence
• et up front group to aid the
conservative groups in the hope
that black factions would
de troy each other. The report
featured an interview with Ben
Conradie, who said he acted for
military intelligence in running
front organizations.
•
are
H was believe w a workers'
village. It i n xt to the cemet ry nd
m y be part of a comple including
a resid ntial area, busine es and a
burial ground. Find rang from
bread molds to di carded food.
Each of th three e cavations i
helpin rewrite whole chapters about
the Old Kingdom, a 441-yearperiod
ending i 2134 B.C. who e
Ph obs dotted th d ert heights
along the ile Valley with their
pyramids.
Many royal relics ppear to have
been destroyed during popular
upri ing 400 years a r the death of
Ch 0 in 2528.
Over ensuing centurie , tons of
and buried the cemetery and
b in center in b in three miles
from the Sphinx. Th rem ins of th
entire an ient city prawl b n th
azlett el-Samm n, mod m touri t
village at th tatue' feet.
Haw ay experts can picture
for the first tim how the Ian cape
ppeared ju t fter the Great
Pyramid w built.
That event ushered in a period of
70 years wh n Giza Plateau hummed
with construction, first of Cheeps'
monum n , then th e of his on
Mauritanian refugees still wait,
two years, after killings
BY MICHELLE FAUL
ASSOCIA TED PRESS WRrrER
BOKHOL, Se aI (AP) - From
the banks of the River Senegal, the
Black refugees can look across at
homes they were forced from in
Mauritania, victims of ethnic confliet
and competition for land with Arabs.'
More than two' years after soldiers
and police rounded them up and
forced them to flee on airplanes,
buses, cattle trucks or canoes, more
than 62,500 black Mauritanians
remain in Senegal at 250 villages
along the river.
'c We're a forgotten people," said
Hamar Wade, 36, who was a tech­
nician at a petrochemical factory in
Nouadhibou, Mauritania's second
biggest town. "The great powers talk
about using their influence for
democracy, but why is nothing being
done for us? The racism perpetrated
against us is no different from South
Africa's apartheid."
Mauritania's military govern­
ment claims only Senegalese blacks
were forced across the river follow­
ing ethnic clashes in both countries in
1989. About a third of the West
African nation's 2 million people are
Black, the rest are Arabs.
Wade is one of hundreds of mid­
dle-cl s workers and professionals
at a refugee camp near Dagana, 185
miles northeast of Dakar, Senegal's
capital. They say they want to go
home if they are given back jobs and
homes taken by Arab. Peasants are
not so certain. CCI don't know iff will
eVer feel safe there again," Amadou
Demba Kah said, referring to the
hundreds of people killed before the
expulsions.
TRADITIONALLY, LAND
along the ri ver was farmed by Blacks
using annual floods to cultivate rice
paddies. But in 1989, two huge dams
transformed the agricultural
landscape, bringing irrigation and
competition for the land from Arabs,
who are shifting to farming from
nomadic lifestyles. Mauritarua is 90
percent desert. Ethnic violence
erupted on both sides of the river.
Mobs roamed the countryside -
Arab Mauritanians hunting for blacks
and black Senegalese for Arabs. Es-
timates of the death toll range .from
250 to more than 400. The border
was closed and remains shut. Each
country started deporting the other's
nationals. Senegal charged
Mauritania's leaders used the crisis to
get rid of its own Black citizens.
Ma uri tania's government denies that.
But the refugees ay otdiers and
others who attacked blacks tore up
their national identity cards so they
could not prove their Mauritanian
citizenship.
Mauritania" Arabs are divided
between the Bidan, or "white"
Moors, and the Harratin, or Black
Moors they enslaved. Black
Mauritanians can be identified by the
local languages they speak and be­
cause they do not bumble themselves
before white Moors.
Mauritania abolished slavery in
1980 but the practice continues, ac­
cording to the Washington-ba ed
Africa Watch human rights group.
Most freed slaves have little choice
but to work for their masters.
SOM 4 R UG � have been
encouraged hy a promi e (rom
painting , but no we know it
b of our x vations. 'W v
found headre t for their bcd .
We'r looking in detail at th ir diet.
'WI found the kull of a man who
di d after brain cancer urgery, the
first 0 on record."
Oc ional find in Gazia's and
h ve tantalized archaeologi ts for
generations: a worker' tool. pottery
hlc
codirector wi th H
e cav tio t the or
It i urpri ingly imil to Deir
el-Medina, a vill ge for or e who
du and decora d royal tomb 1,
years lat r in th lIey ofth Ki
and Queens oppo ite modem Luxor
in outh m Egypt.
Lehner ay th Giz orkmen'
area t 11 the tory of the p�mid
,
ag .
"Workers cam here to build th
monum n and tay d during th
age when the cult of Cheop
exi ted." h Y , but after a few
centurie , "there were only a few
prie ts to carry on the ritual .
"There w no work, no reason
for people to tay. The area
di appeared neath the sand."
Africa
Mauritania's leader, Gcn. Maaouiya
Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, to end his
10-year military rule. However, op­
ponents ay the promise was a sham
to improve Taya 's image abroad after
years of repre ive rule punctuared by
purges of blacks. Taya controls the
election proce and is expected to
win Mauri tania' fir t multiparty
elections in 31 years later this month.
Meanwhile, the refugees live off
deerea ing food aid as U.N. agencies
and non-governmental organizations
try to make them self-sufficient.
Some have been given land to farm,
though it is always the poorest avail­
able. Others work as laborers for
Senegalese farmers.
Award shlnes light on plight of Haitian
Refugees, children of Mozambique War
Sauveur Pierre, 31, a former
Haitian boat person, working on be­
half of migrant farm workers in
South Florida and Abubacar Sultan,
28, the national director of Save the
Children Federation, an organiza­
tion tbat helps former children sol­
diers of Mozambique deal with the
trauma of civil war, were among the
four young activists who recently
received the 1991 Reebok Human
Rights Award.
In a highly emotional ceremony,
attended by former President Jimmy
Carter, internationally acclaimed
human rights activists and
celebrities such as Pn(re Woodard,
Holly Robinson, E ai Morales,
C.C.H. Pounder, Paul Winfield, and'
Sinbad, the recipients were honored
for their efforts to advance the cause
of human rights worldwide.
"We are celebrating today the
power of the human spirit," said Paul
Fireman, chairman of the advisory
board and chairman of Reebok Inter­
national, in addressing the audience.
"Each of our winners this year repre­
sents the grim reality of the victims
of recent political upheaval. The
Reebok Human Rights Award is
sending a message to governments
around the world that human rights
abuses wiJl not be tolerated and will
be exposed.
"No one could participate in a
ceremony like this without a sober
reas essment of our own personal
obligation to address human rights
Abubacar Sultan
and the suffering associated with it,"
said President Carter in the keynote
address. He added, "It is not enough
just to come to a ceremony like this
once a year and bask in our own
freedom, our own security, our own
influence and then ignore human
rights the rest of the year.
"IT' THE powerful and secure
like us on whom rest the fate of tho e
who are weak and vulnerable."
Sauveur Pierre bas experienced
first-hand the brutal exploitation in
the sugar cane field of South
Florida. In 1980, he came to the U.S.
with thousand of other Hai tian
I .
Sau eur Pierre
refugees who made the perilou
voyage to �scape the Duvalier
regime.
Paid far less than the minimum
wage by employers who knew the
language barrier and fear of deporta­
tion would prevent opposition,
Pierre vowed to pursue justice for
himself and his fellow workers.
After teaching himself English,
Pierre was hired by the Farmworkers
Justice Fund of Washington, D.C. as
a paralegal/investigator to a ist in
that organization' law ui against
Florida sugar cape growers. In thi
position he was able to secure infor­
mation that helped the courts expo
violations. Presently, Mr. Pierre
identifies important legal problems
facing clients and assists in devising
appropriate legal strategies for the
Florida Rural Legal Services.
IN ACCEPTING HI award,
the softspoken yet determined Pierre
said, "the sugar cane field owners
know What's going on but tbey just
close their eyes ... Well, I will not
close my ey�. I will never forget."
Abubacar Sultan has created a
special program that help former
soldiers ages 6-13 who were forced
into war due to civil war in Mozam­
bique. Many of the 200,000 orphans
were forced to watch as their parents
were slaughtered by guerriallas and
then were forced into mili tary er­
vice.
By creating a ense of com­
munity, Sultan's program helps
these children to express their feel­
ings and talk about their experiences.
He has al obeensucces fulinreunit­
ing over 4,000 children with their
families.
"On �half of the children, I ap­
peal to the United State to help stop
thewarinMozambique" aid Sultan
in one of the ceremony' more poig­
nant moments. He b eeched world
powers to "help us build a better
world for our children."
Each recipient will receive
S25,OOO, which will go directly to the
human rights organization of the
..
recipient's choice.
PIERRE AND SULT � shared
ewards with: Carlos Toledo, 24, a
Guatemalan street educator with
Casa Alianza (Covenant House),
who bas protected more than 5,000
street children against police
brutality and serves as an advocate
for the rights of homeless children,
and Mirtala Lopez, 22, who has been
arrested, tortured and imprisoned for
championing the rights of the dis­
placed people of EI Salvador.
Two special awards were also
presented at the ceremony. The
parents of three Russian citizens
who lost their lives defending the
Russian Parliament on the night of
August 20, 1991 received posthu­
mous awards and Ashley Black, 11,
received the "Youth In Action"
award for spearheading the drive to
ban hate video games in Marlboro,
New Jersey.
The Reebot Human Rights
Award is given annually to young
people who, early in their lives and
against great odds, have significant­
ly raised awarene s of human rights.
Now in its fourth year, the award is
one of only three established human
rights wards in the world. It is the
onl y one honoring young people and
the only private ector initiative.