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Yiddish programs in Israel and at
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family that stayed behind in
Europe," whose fates were in the
hand of the Nazis — to read those
exactly as they were written, that can
leave you breathless.

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Yet, it's the tenderness of Yiddish
that Cooper loves most, that tie to
the past, to beloved memories,
"That's not really about where you
live, but where you ideally might
live."
Editor's Note: Looking to bring a
little more Yiddish into your family's
life? Cooper recommends Kids in
Yiddish CDs, listening to lullabies in
Yiddish (a number of recordings are
available) and buying tapes of con-
temporary klezmer music. Children's
books also are available which offer
English translations of favorite
Yiddish folk tales. El

A Little History

Nu? So when did Yiddish develop, anyway?

ELIZABETH APPLEBAUM

.

AppleTree Editor

y f

nized, it is only one of a number of
Jewish languages. The primary Jewish
language is, ofcourse, Hebrew, but even
in ancient times the native Jews of Israel
drifted away from Hebrew toward
Aramaic — at that time, the most wide-
spread language of the Middle East
(though Jews had their own form of
Aramaic).
After the destruction of the Second
Temple and the subsequent dispersion,

ddish has been spoken by Jews
or about 1,000 years.
Before the Holocaust, native
speakers who used Yiddish as a primary
language were found from the British
Isles to the deep interior of Russia, from
Scandinavia to the Balkans. European
Jews who migrated to the land of Israel
in the 17th and 18th centuries
developed a form of
Palestinian Yiddish. The great
migration of Eastern
European Jews from the 1880s
to the 1920s brought Yiddish
to the Americas, Australia,
South Africa and almost
everywhere else on the globe.
Before the Holocaust, some
three-quarters of world Jewry
spoke Yiddish.
Long reviled as a form of
butchered German, Yiddish
underwent a resurgence in the
late 1800s and early 1900s. A
vast Yiddish literature arose,
along with scores of Yiddish
Yiddish items for sale at the Yiddish Yes! event.
newspapers and journals. In
cities across Europe, thousands
Jews of the diaspora developed their
attended Yiddish theater and even
own versions of languages they encoun-
Yiddish operettas. Educators and writers
tered in their new lands. Thus we know
helped develop a standardized Yiddish
of Judeo-Arabic, Judeo-Persian, Judeo-
spelling and a firm grammatical struc-
Greek, Judeo-French, Judeo-Italian,
ture. The simultaneous rise of political
Judeo-Provencal and others. Aside from
awareness among Jews, primarily in the
Hebrew and Yiddish, perhaps the best-
forms of Zionism and socialism, led to
known Jewish language is Judeo-
Yiddish oratory.
Although Yiddish is widely recog-
HISTORY on page 66