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Tanzim militia in Tulkarm and a lead-
ing instigator of attacks, Palestinians
launched an unprecedentedly ferocious
wave of terror that started with a
deadly shooting attack on a bat mitz-
vah celebration in Hadera in mid-
January and culminated in the
Netanya attack in late March.
Israel, nevertheless, persisted with its
targeted killings." In late July, the air
force assassinated the military chief of
Hamas, Salah Shehada, dropping a
one-ton bomb on his Gaza apartment
and killing at least 14 civilians, includ-
ing nine children. That attack prompt-
ed a wave of international condemna-
tion and sparked a new round of
Hamas attacks — and, according to
some Palestinian sources, undermined
chances for at least a partial cease-fire.
Despite growing American support,
Israel faced much international, espe-
cially European, criticism fol- its han-
dling of the intifada. Sharon was casti-
gated in the European press for refus-
ing to allow Arafat to attend Christmas
services in Bethlehem or the Arab
League summit in Beirut in late
March, where Arab countries endorsed
a Saudi initiative for "normal" relations
with Israel in exchange for an Israeli
withdrawal to its pre-1967 borders.
But the heaviest criticism came
after a heated early April battle in the
Jenin refugee camp, where
Palestinians claimed a "massacre" had
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taken place with several hundred to
several thousand victims. Though
Israel - said only some 52 Palestinians
— mostly armed fighters — had been
killed, the massacre claim was sup-
ported around the world.
Israel initially agreed to allow a
United Nations Security Council team
come to Jenin to investigate the claims,
but later reversed its stand when the
U.N.'s refusal to address Israeli con-
cerns led some to conclude that Israel
was being set up for condemnation by
a biased jury.
In July, a U.N. report dismissed the
massacre claims, but criticized the Israeli
army for allegedly not allowing humani-
tarian aid to reach Palestinians for several
days. The Jenin battle also coincided
with calls throughout Europe to boycott
Israeli goods and end contact with Israeli
academics and other professionals.
Such calls made little progress, but
anti-Israel media, anti-Israel demon-
strations throughout the continent and
an outbreak of anti-Semitic attacks tied
to the intifada showed how low Israel
had fallen in Europe's estimation.
Economic Price
The intifada took an enormous eco-
nomic toll on both Israel and the
Palestinians. On the Palestinian side,
economic activity ground to a halt and
food supplies grew scarce when Israel