Jewry's Role in
Human Affairs

MASTERS OF MEDICAL MARVELS - II
Through the ages, Jews entered the healing arts in large numbers. In 1847,
our tradition of care-giving inspired Dr. Isaac Hays to form the American
Medical Association. Adolphus Solomons cofounded the American Red
Cross with Clara Barton in 1881. Sampson Simpson was the driving force
behind New York's 146-year old Mount Sinai Hospital, a global model for
advanced medical centers. Among others adding to this legacy were gifted
researchers whose breakthroughs led to the prevention and treatment of the
world's most virulent infectious and chronic diseases.

WALDEMAR HAFFKINE
(1860-1930) b. Odessa, Russia Bacteriologist The
shadow of cholera fell darkly on England's Indian
empire before the turn of century--a time when
repression in his homeland drove him to the
Pasteur Institute in Paris. Here, in 1892, Haffkine
developed the first successful vaccine against the
disease. With British support he crossed India and
inoculated threatened populations. The immunol-
ogist then fought the equally widespread specter of the plague for which he
prepared effective serums. Honored in scientific circles and by national
governments, he and his methods saved countless lives worldwide.

ERNST BORIS CHAIN
(1906-79) b. Berlin, Germany Biochemist The
escapee from Nazi Germany in 1933 joined the
faculty of England's Oxford University where he
spent years examining numerous molds for
antibacterial properties. From among them he
identified one which secreted a substance lethal to
many infectious organisms. After long and
arduous work, he unlocked and purified that sub-
stance--the wonder drug, penicillin, a leading medical weapon against often
fatal diseases. Chain's effort with associate Howard Florey, and that of the
mold's earlier discoverer, Alexander Fleming, earned 1945 Nobel Prizes for
Physiology or Medicine, as well as knighthoods, for all three Englishmen.

OTTO WARBURG
(1883-1970) b. Freiburg, Germany Biochemist
and Physiologist The member of an international
family of distinguished educators, financiers and
economists turned to science and studied the
respiration and metabolism of cells, primarily
those of malignant tumors. During research at
Berlin's Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (which he later
headed), he invented the Warburg manometer for
measuring oxygen absorption by living tissues--a system used today by
biochemists throughout the world. Among his important findings was "the
nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme" for which he was
awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1931.
- Saul Stadtmauer

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This Week

into the international showdown it is
today.
Dayanim revealed, for example,
that soon after the 13 Jews were
arrested in January and March of
1999, the Islamic hard-liners who
control Iran's judiciary opened a line
of communication with the Los
Angeles community.
The purpose, he said, was to articu-
late their motives behind the arrests
— and what they hoped to gain from
this maneuver.
In a power struggle with their
reformist rivals, the hard-liners would
use the Iran 13 to undermine the
reformist camp's relations with the
West.
The Iranians also suggested that the
prisoners could become bargaining
,chips in Iran's ongoing effort to
recoup some $650 million that it
claims Israel owes from business deals

Some outside
observers are
now wondering
if the Iran 13 are,
in fact, guilty of
the charges.

Holocaust Denier
Faces Bankruptcy

.London/ITA
ler olocaust denier David Irving

has come a step closer to
financial ruin after a British ju
ordered him to start paying mil-
lions of dollars in legal costs.
Last Friday, Judge Charles Gray
ordered Irving to pay $250,000 to
Penguin Books by June 16 follow-
ing his failed libel action against the ir
publisher and Emory University
historian Deborah Lipstadt. If the
money — a down payment on
total legal and research costs of
—"is not paid by
some $3
then, the judge said Irving would
face bankruptcy proceedings.
Last month, Irving lost his law-
suit against Lipstadt and Penguin,
whom Irving accused of ruining his
career by labeling him a Holocaust
denier. Ruling against Irving on
April 11, Gray called him an antise-
rnitic Holocaust denier and Hider
apologist who distorted historical
data to suit his ideological agenda.

Penguin lawyer Fleather Rogers
had initially asked for a down pay-
ment of some $800,000, but

Irving's lawyer, Adrian Davies,
replied that even half that amount

could bankrupt Irving. Rogers told
the court Penguin had already paid
million to

skk—a

prior to the 1979 revolution.
Finally, the hard-liners said, accord-
ing to Dayanim, detaining the Jews
would teach the Iranian Jewish diaspo-
ra — which had spoken out about the
arrests — a lesson about meddling in
Iran's internal affairs.
"In all the contacts we've ever had
with Iranian officials, they have never
claimed these 13 people were spies," said
Dayanim. "They were very forthright
and up front about the fact that this is
part of a game and to show that Iran
will not be bullied and that they have
ultimate control over their citizens."
Kermanian, the Iranian Jewish
leader, now expects all 13 to confess to
some role in the alleged spy ring.
Sentencing is likely to come at the end
of the month.
"There will be more confessions,
and the authorities will fabricate any
sort of documents or evidence they
need to make their point," he said. "If
they don't, that's what would be sur-
prising."

❑

A.1/4s,„"

“•.:p

the
;..,
agt,
• .40„t
prepared
at Penguin
or the time
to accept
e court was told that
*hg had boasted to reporters
that he had a "fighting fund' of
more than $500,000 made up of
contributions sent to him by sup-
porters around the world.
After the hearing, Irving refused
to say whether he could or would

-

pay. He said the money in the
fund was in an offshore account.
Irving, who represented. himself
during the libel trial, hired lawyers
to represent him at last week's
hearing. But he complained that

the law firm refused to represent
him beyond the costs hearing on

"ideological" grounds.

❑