1900-2000

at the JCC's Jimmy Prentis Morris
building on West 10 Mile Road in
Oak Park; evening classes sponsored by
the Southfield school district met at
Jewish Vocational Service. The National
Council of Jewish Women and the
Jewish Federation Women's Division
sponsored volunteer programs that
matched American families with "new
American families to offer friendship,
opportunities for Jewish acculturation
and assistance with adjustment to life in
the United States."
As usual, Detroit's largesse exceeded
expectations as it led the national fund-
raising campaign, "Passage to
Freedom," in 1989 with $2.4 million.
"Operation Exodus," the national
United Jewish Appeal funding commit-
ment for the absorption of Soviet Jews,
was set at $420 million, with Detroit's
portion $15 million. The solicitation
letter and ad closed with a question that
captured the essence of the previous 20
years of activity: "When future genera-
tions ask, 'Were you there? Did you
help?' How will we answer?"
Some 90 refugees had come to
Detroit in 1987 88; 160 more arrived
in 1988-89. As Glasnost (Russian for
"openness") unfolded in the new
decade, an unexpected consequence
seemed to be the rise of antisemitism
in Russia. An April 1989 "Leadership
Briefing" for federation officials warned
of rising ultra-nationalism that openly
expressed a virulent brand of anti-
semitism. The number of refugees corn-
ing to Detroit in 1990 rose to 1,000,
and, with the Soviet bloc crumbling
and antisemitism growing, 1,200 more
arrived in 1990-91.

tyrew
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-

INTO THE NEW CENTURY

Antisemitism, wrote a rabbinical
scholar, "was the glue of the Jewish
people." If that stigma has not disap-
peared in the last decade of this cen-
tury, American Jews either ignore it or
confront it more boldly. Computer
technology now gives large audiences
accessibility to such hate groups as
Aryan Nations and the Michigan
Militia. Their slick Internet sites con-
vey old messages that blend patrio-
tism, antisemitism and racism. The
Anti-Defamation League monitors
them all, issuing regular public
reports and warnings. Still, anti-
semitism does not dog every step of
Jewish life as it once did.
Similarly, the normalization of rela-
tionships with Israel has caused that
source of Jewish identity also to fade.
Questions of what defines Jewish iden-
tity have persisted, often implicitly, in

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