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Soviet Jews, sustained a sense of ideal-
fund-raising efforts along with repre-
ism, but support from America
sentatives of every congregation or
waned, at least temporarily.
institution in Detroit.
SOVIET JEWISH CRUSADE
Survivors leaped into the fray, like
Expressions of Jewish identity
Abe Pasternak and Emery and Bernie
ranged from religious Orthodoxy to
Klein of Congregation B'nai Moshe,
complete secularism and now includ-
where they raised tens of thousands of
ed some sort of link to Israel. No
dollars. Israel's stunning, six-day vic-
such choices existed for Jews in the
tory seemed miraculous; virtually
Soviet Union, and one of the unify-
every Jew in America rejoiced. "Anti-
ing factors of American Jewish life in
Zionists” became "non-Zionists," and
the 1970s and '80s became the focus
opposition to the idea of a Jewish
state at last seemed to melt away.
One week after the war
ended, Israeli leader Golda
Meir visited Detroit. She had
old friends here from the Labor
Zionist and Histadrut move-
ments. Recognizing the signifi-
cance of the city, Mrs. Meir
seemed to acknowledge it
would be a different sort of
American Jew to whom Israel
would turn in times of crisis
and for future support. She
joined. Max Fisher and Paul
U.S. Sen. Carl Levin (D--Mich.), in a
Zuckerman for services at Temple
show
of support for Israel, meets with
Israel. Her presence there symbol-
Israeli
President Shimon Peres, circa 1990.
ized Jewish unity, for by now
every faction, denomination, orga-
on Soviet Jewry's lack of freedom.
nization, landsmanshaftn, club,
Following the 1973 Yom Kippur War,
agency and congregation had aban-
in which Israel seemed calamitously
doned its disagreements in solid
close to defeat, Soviet Jewry and their
support of Israel.
((
right to emigrate to Israel or America
The war, said Fisher, created the
took on the aura of a crusade.
idea that the Jewish state could take
Throughout the 1970s, Jewish
on the world and still win. It gave
protesters besieged Soviet embassies
every Jew enormous pride."
in the western world. In Detroit, syn-
That pride suffused a renewed
agogues "adopted" Russian individu-
Jewish identity — irrepressible, infec-
als, sponsoring their freedom, sup-
tious — affecting people who only
porting them by "twinning" young-
days before had been disconnected
sters' Pnai mitzvot. By the 1980s,
from Jewish life. It brought at least
Federation agencies, along with other
temporary resolution to perplexing
organizations, reached a pinnacle of
questions and segued to a clearly
cooperative achievement as Soviet
defined Jewish cause that would mark
Jews first trickled, then poured into
the next two decades: the rescue of
the United States under the rubric of
Soviet Jewry.
the Refugee Act of 1980.
With the troubled years of the
The federal government anticipated
1980s, such resolution grew equivocal
40,000 "refugees" would arrive annual-
for the first time. Israel's invasion of
ly. By 1989, federal programs, supple-
Lebanon in 1982, devastating Beirut,
mented by HIAS and the Council of
tarnished the state's reputation among
Jewish Federations, funded 80 percent
both Israeli and American critics. Five
of those leaving the Soviet Union.
years later, the Intifada erupted on the
Detroit's Resettlement Service was the
West Bank and in GA72 As they were
local case-management agency for pro-
forced to confront Palestinian youths
viding services to the new Americans. It
throwing rocks, Israeli soldiers with
worked in conjunction with Jewish
automatic weapons were captured on
Family Service, Jewish Vocational
news broadcasts, drawing more criti-
Service, Hebrew Free Loan Association,
cism from Jews and non-Jews.
Jewish Community Center and other
Israel again became a source not of
local programs and organizations.
unity, but of divisiveness, among
The Oak Park/Ferndale school dis-
American Jews. The airlift of
tricts funded an English as a Second
Ethiopian Jews to Israel, along with
Language Program that met mornings
the ongoing missionary zeal to rescue
,