Jewry's Role in
Human Advancement

Through the ages, Jews entered the healing arts
in large numbers. And in 1847, that tradition of care-
giving inspired Dr. Isaac Hays to form the American
Medical Association. Adolphus Solomons co-founded
the American Red Cross with Clara Barton in 1881.
Sampson Simpson was the driving force behind New
York's 143-year old Mount Sinai Hospital, a global
model of the advanced medical center. Among others
adding to this legacy were gifted researchers whose
breakthroughs led to the prevention and treatment of
the world's most virulent infectious and chronic
diseases.

WALDEMAR HAFFIUNE
(1860-1930) b. Odessa,Russia
Bacteriologist
The shadow of
cholera fell darkly on England's
Indian empire before the turn of
century---a time when repression
in his homeland .drove him to
the Pasteur Institute in Paris. Here, in 1892, he
developed the first successful vaccine against the
disease. With British support he crossed India,
inoculating threatened populations. The immunologist
then challenged the equally widespread specter of the
plague for which he prepared effective serums.
Honored in scientific circles and by national govern-
ments, he and his methods have saved countless lives
worldwide.

ERNST BORIS CHAIN
(1906-79) b. Berlin, Germany
Biochemist An escapee from
Nazi Germany in 1933, he
joined the faculty of England's
Oxford University where over
years he examined numerous
molds for antibacterial properties. From among them
he identified one which secreted a substance lethal to
many infectious organisms. After long and arduous
work, he unlocked and purified that substance--the
wonder drug, penicillin, a leading medical weapon
against often fatal diseases. The combined effort with
associate Howard Florey, and that of the mold's earlier
discoverer, Alexander Fleming, earned 1945 Nobel
Prizes for Physiology or Medicine, as well as knight-
hoods, for all three Englishmen.

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OTTO WARBURG
(1883-1970) b.Freiburg,Germany
Biochemist/Physiologist
The
member of an international
family of distinguished educa-
tors, financiers and economists
turned to science and studied
the respiration and metabolism of cells, primarily those
of malignant tumors. During research at Berlin's
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (which he later headed), he
invented the Warburg manometer for measuring
oxygen absorption by living tissues--a system used
today by biochemists the world over. Aniong his
important findings was "the nature and mode of action
of the respiratory enzyme" for which he was awarded
a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1931.
- Saul Stadtmauer

"We find that during the intellectually dark
and slothful Middle Ages, the Jews were the
preservers of agriculture, of all large industries, the
cultivation of silk, dyeing and weaving work. It
was they who carried on an intellectual trade
which was and ever will be necessary for the well-
being of all nations. The Jews left no branch of
sciences or learning untouched, ever searching and
developing, and at the end of the Middle Ages,
handing over the results of their long and arduous
labors to the nations which were only then
beginning to wake up." - Matthias Schleiden, the
illustrious non-Jewish German botanist

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