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which have been obtained by the
Jewish Telegraphic Agency, has
produced additional evidence
that Nazi-Swiss cooperation may
not have been limited to bank
dealings.
One confidential 1945 letter
written by then-U.S. Secretary of
War Henry Stimson, for example,
stated that Switzerland "is more
interested in retaining German
goodwill than in properly pro-
tecting American prisoners under
the Geneva Convention."
Mr. Steinberg said, "What
we're talking about is collabora-
tion at every level in the political,
economic and, indeed, the social
sphere."
Swiss officials say that the war
years, as one put it, were not the
"most brilliant chapter" in the
history of the national bank. But
so far, that is about 211 they are
conceding.
When asked for his response to
the recent revelations, a
spokesman for the Swiss Embassy
in Washington would only say, "If
you go into the history, there is
certainly no doubt that Switzer-
land was surrounded by the Nazi
powers and was in a very difficult
situation at that time.
"It was neutral and it con-
ducted commercial activities
throughout the war with the Al-
lies and with the German Reich
and it played a role as a financial
place."
Some historians suggest that
because Switzerland's army was
not strong enough to prevent oc-
cupation by an encroaching Ger-
many, it had to find another way
to stay out of the war. Providing
safe haven and a market for loot-
ed Nazi assets may have served
that end, historians say.
"We had to give the Germans
something, to survive," Robert
Vogler, a Swiss historian who
wrote a 1985 study of wartime
gold transactions told the New
York Times.
The sudden and intensive in-
ternational speculation about the
nature of the Nazi-Swiss rela-
tionship has been met by both
protestation and embarrassment
among the Swiss. It is not a coun-
try that is accustomed to con-
fronting its past. It was only last
year, 50 years after the war end-
ed, that the Swiss government fi-
nally apologized for a secret 1938
deal it had reached with Hitler
to turn back German Jewish
refugees seeking safety in
Switzerland.
Recently, the government
promised to pay Jewish groups
more than $800,000, with half of
it to go toward preservation ef-
forts at Auschwitz and half to
AMCHA, an Israeli organization
that counsels Holocaust survivors
and their children.
Swiss officials said the move
was not linked to the Nazi gold
controversy.
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