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RECOGNIZE page 53
cause in addition to images of ob-
jects, it stores — in separate spe-
cialized areas — accumulated
knowledge about how objects
change under various conditions.
After seeing, say, many smiling
faces, it can then use this knowl-
edge to generate a smiling image
of any new glum-looking face.
Another major component of
his model explains how the brain
is able to recognize an object
within a fraction of a second: it
apparently achieves this by si-
multaneously generating myri-
ads of different versions of the
same image — perhaps several
thousand — in both counter
streams.
Professor Ullman has already
shown that his counter-streams
model works in a computer sim-
ulation. His doctoral student As-
saf Zeira — using an approach
Professor 'Ullman developed ear-
lier with Weizmann's Dr. Ronen
Basri — has created a computer
program that can recognize an
endless number of views of a par-
ticular face on the basis of just
two snapshots of this face stored
in the computer memory.
Although the computer trans-
mits its signals much faster than
the brain, the program takes
much longer than the brain to
recognize a face — up to several
minutes. This is because most
modern computers carry out
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Hearing Problems?
Take a look inside your ear canal.
The Video Otoscope is a
miniaturized camera that
displays an exceptionally
clear picture of your ear
canal on a full-color monitor
and then prints out a color
photograph.
So you can see for yourself if
there is a wax problem.
•ewfmrk
highly complex tasks but only
one task at a time, whereas the
brain performs fairly simple op-
erations, such as matching two
images, but apparently carries
out many of them simultaneous-
ly. Creating an efficient "seeing"
machine on the basis of Profes-
sor Ullman's approach would
therefore require building a com-
puter that is highly parallel —
i.e. capable of performing a large
numbers of operations simulta-
neously.
While several psychological ex-
periments dealing with recogni-
tion have provided preliminary
support for his model, Professor
Ullman — who has degrees in
both mathematics and biology —
says the ultimate test of the new
theory will lie in biological stud-
ies, some of which will be con-
ducted by Weizmann Institute
neurobiologists.
Funding for this research has
been provided by the Israel Sci-
ence Foundation administered
by the Israel Academy of Sciences
and Humanities.
Professor Ullman, a member
of Weizmann's Department of
Applied Mathematics and Corn-
puter Science, holds the Ruth
and Samy Cohn Chair of Com-
puter Science. His departmental
colleague Dr. Basri holds the
Arye Dissentshik Career Devel-
opment Chair.
❑
DISCOVERY
Making a digital human
An electronic cadaver has numerous educational
and medical benefits. The University of Colorado has
undertaken the task by finding "perfect" cadavers,
slicing them thin and digitally photographing the slices.
1 A cadaver is
embedded in blue gelatin
and frozen to minus-50°F.
2
The cadaver is
then sliced into
thousands of one-
millimeter slices and
scanned into a
computer.
If you wear a hearing aid, the Video Otoscope can help
determine the cause of fitting and other problems, so
come in and let us update your files using this new
technology. And if you take advantage of this special
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Actual photograph of
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if you have any of several
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Pictures are not for
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3 By assigning data to areas of each
slice, it will be possible to view organs and
structures in various combinations.
Appeal of the digital cadaver
Real, human cadavers are expensive and out of reach
for most ordinary educational uses. Reasons:
▪ lt is difficult to find dead
cfaim!them:
bodies in excellent.shape.Those
It Cadavers:usually cannot .be
with injuries, advanced age,
transpOrted!across,statelines.,
chronic diseases and physical
Iltrince.tlissecterind
detects are not desirable.
damaged, the.cadavers!iose
▪ Families of -Jahn Doe'
their educationat.:appest,
cadaversmay come forward, to
IVIThey:araeXpensive : !. :.
SOURCES: University of Colorado, University of Miami
Copley News Service/Dan Clifford
Cl/