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Karl Marx: The Jewish Boy
Became An Anti-Semite

ELIZABETH APPLEBAUM ASSOC ATE ED TOR

Zevi
Shabbtai
claimed to have
been moved by a
"heavenly voice"
that said he would
save the Jewish
people. He amassed
thousands of fol-
lowers. Imprisoned
by Turkish author-
ities, he was given
the choice of death
or conversion to Is-
lam. He chose the
latter.
'Edith Stein was
a German philoso-
pher who converted
to Catholicism in
1933. She became a
nun in 1933 and
was later gassed at
— Auschwitz. In 1987,
the pope made
Edith Stein a saint.

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Q: Why does Ju-
daism have so many
names for God?
A: Many of the

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Q: Have any famous Jews con-
verted to another religion?
A: Yes. Among them:

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•Karl Marx, who was baptized
as a child. The author of Das
Kapital became a vicious anti-
Semite.
• Benjamin Disraeli, baptized
when he was 13 (for social rather
than religious reasons). A prac-
ticing Christian, the British
statesman and author nonethe-
less felt great pride in his Jewish
heritage.
• Oswald Rufeisen, also known
as Brother Daniel. A native of
Poland, he converted to Catholi-
cism in 1942. Citing the Law of
Return, he applied for citizenship
to Israel. His request was denied.
• Boris Pasternak, the famed
Russian author of Dr. Zhivago.
Pasternak resented his Jewish
ancestry throughout his life, and
his hostility often showed up in
his novels.
•Abner of Burgos, a 13th-cen-
tury Spanish convert. His works
were notorious for their bitter
anti-Semitism, initiating a new
campaign of anti-Jewish propa-
ganda in the medieval period.
'Jacob Frank, the 18th-cen-
tury self-proclaimed messiah and
founder of the Frankist move-
ment. Frank rejected the Talmud
and accepted the Trinity. Many
of his followers became leading
members of the Polish nobility.
• Judah Monis, author of

America's first Hebrew grammar
book. Born in Italy, he came in
1716 to the United States. He
was baptized publicly at Harvard
in 1722.
'Paul Julius Reuter (born Is-
rael Beer Josaphat), German-
born founder of the news agency.
Baptized in 1844, he used pi-
geons for his first news service,
which linked Belgium and Brus-
sels. Reuters Ltd. became a pri-
vate company in 1916.
• David Ricar-
do, the English
economist. The
author of one of
the 19th century's
most influential
works, Principles
of Political Econ-
omy and Taxa-
tion, he converted
when he married.
•Abraham Se-
nior was a Span-
ish financier who
helped arrange
the marriage of
Ferdinand and Is-
Faced
abella.
with the choice of
converting or be-
ing expelled in
1492, he became
a Christian.
• Shabbtai Zevi, the 17th-cen-
tury pseudo-messiah. Following
the murders of hundreds of Jews
in the Chmielnicki pogroms,

names of God come
from Himself, as
recorded in numer-
ous places in the
Torah. Other names came from
humans. Because Judaism be-
lieves in the absolute power of
God as the creator and ruler of
all that exists, tradition and
scholars devised names that try
to describe the role God plays in
the lives of human beings, for ex-
ample: Ribbono shel olam (Mas-
ter of the Universe) and
HaRachaman (the All-Merci-
ful). ❑

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