Have You Heard?
►
by Felix Cruz
Hearing Aid Specialist
Researcher
Discovers
Genetic 'Fossils'
Genes carrying information
about proteins in modern or-
ganisms appear to contain "fos-
sils" — remnants of genetic
material from ancient times that
may throw new light on the way
these proteins have evolved, ac-
cording to a group of researchers
led by Professor Edward Trifonov
of the Weizmann Institute's de-
partment of structural biology.
Such genetic "fossils" indicate
that genes may have once had
the shape of separate, free-float-
ing rings, and only in the course
of evolution assembled into the
lengthy chromosomes observed
in cells of today's organisms.
While it has long been pro-
posed that chromosomes had
evolved from separate pieces of
DNA, an initial report on the
new findings in the April 26 is-
sue of the Proceedings of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences
provides an important factual ba-
sis for this idea and establishes
the size of segments that may
have served as the genetic build-
ing blocks of evolution.
This research suggests that
natural selection and evolution
of proteins proceeded much
faster than previously thought,
according to Professor Trifonov,
who conducted this study to-
gether with doctoral student Eu-
gene Kolkerf and Dr. Alexander
Berman of the College of Judea
and Samaria in Kedumim-Ariel.
When a cell divides, its genet-
ic material is neatly separated
into two identical halves, ensur-
ing that the genes of both daugh-
ter cells are an exact copy of
those of their "parent." But ac-
cording to Professor Trifonov, in
ancient times cells had no stable,
permanently fused core of genes
known as a genome. Therefore,
their division involved a random
splitting of separate genetic seg-
ments between the daughter
cells.
The fusion of the segments in
various combinations, Professor
Trifonov says, must have dra-
matically speeded natural selec-
tion because it increased the
organisms' ability to adjust to the
environment: the fusion of large
building blocks, which consisted
of over 100 amino acids, would
have a vastly greater effect on
the organism's properties than
individual mutations or addi-
tions of individual amino acids.
Fusion that turned out to be ben-
eficial would then be preserved
in the course of the evolution, but
not the combination of segments
that would prove to be harmful.
To arrive at their results, the
scientists in Professor Trifonov's
team examined the length of
numerous genes coding for pro-
teins. They found that many
FOSSILS page 38
BRING SPEECH
DIRECTLY TO THE EAR
Hearing instruments perform best when
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