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They showed that "complement"
(a complex of enzymatic proteins
found in blood serum and plas-
ma which, in combination with
antibodies, destroys bacteria and
foreign cells) also plays a major
role in the death of old blood cells.
From the moment of its cre-
ation, a red blood cell is protect-
ed from complement attack by
hundreds of regulatory molecules
called complement receptor type
1 (CR1), which are present on the
red blood cell membrane. The
CR1 binds to the deposited com-
plement molecules and promotes
their inactivation by an enzyme.
Using various immuno-gold la-
beling procedures and electron
microscopical techniques to com-
pare old and young cells, Drs.
CA3 anifron (Yeouse
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The new
finding may
shed light on
"undesirable" cells.
Fishelson and Marikovsky found
that aging red blood cells lose up
to 70 percent of these protective
components. They also showed
that as the CR1 level decreas-
es, complement deposition in-
creases, resulting in greater cell
dissolution.
The reason for the drop of CR1
in old red blood cells is not clear
yet. However, this loss leaves the
complement molecules free to
bind to the aged cells. The com-
\ plement molecules then attract
macrophages that "eat up" the
cells.
These findings follow up on an
earlier study pinpointing yet an-
other factor in the death of red
blood cells: loss of sialic acid. This
carbohydrate molecule carries a
negative charge, thereby pre-
venting younger cells from clus-
tering together and attracting
killer macrophages.
Emerging from the bone mar-
row, the red blood cell enters the
blood stream as a mature young
cell, starting a journey of more
than 250 kilometers in which it
passes 500,000 times through
small capillaries, thanks to its
highly elastic properties. Toward
the end of its life, the aged red
blood cell loses these elastic prop-
erties, along with water and
some of its vital membrane con-
stituents. It also decreases in size
and in metabolic and enzymatic
activity. The Weizmann Insti-
tute scientists have now helped
to clarify the processes leading
to red blood cell death.
Since red blood cells are read-
ily available, self-contained en-
tities with clearly defined life
spans, they form excellent mod-
el systems for studying the role
of the immune system in cell
death within various organs. El
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ROCHESTER
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