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New
Rabbis Report
Sexual Harassment
New York (JTA) — Women
in the rabbinate experience
sexual harassment and dis-
crimination so often that
they consider these obstacles
"part of the job," according
to a new survey.
The study, conducted by
the Commission for Wo-
men's Equality of the
American Jewish Congress,
showed that a majority of
female rabbis — 73 percent
— have been sexually
harassed by congregants or
other rabbis. Fifty-four per-
cent said they had been fac-
ed with sexual discrimina-
tion.
Yet a majority say they are
very happy in their work.
Most rate their job satisfac-
tion at 7 or more on a scale of
1 to 10.
The survey followed Equal
Employment Opportunity
Commission guidelines in
defining sexual harassment
as unwelcome verbal or
physical sexual advances
that could have an impact on
an individual's employment.
Discrimination was
defined in the survey as
denial of equal pay or
benefits because of being a
woman, or differential
treatment in hiring, firing,
duties or responsibilities on
the basis of gender.
The survey was sent to all
325 female rabbis who have
been ordained at the Con-
servative movement's Jew-
ish Theological Seminary,
the Reform movement's
Hebrew Union College and
the Reconstructionist
movement's Reconstruc-
tionist Rabbinical College.
Those ordained by rabbis
in the Jewish renewal
movement and by the in-
dependent seminary in New
York known as the Academy
for the Jewish Religion
received surveys, as well.
Nearly half the recipients,
142, responded, in about the
same proportions as the
percentage of female rabbis
in each of the movements
with which they are af-
filiated.
The results of the survey
will appear in the October
issue of the national Jewish
magazine Moment.
In terms of sexual harass-
ment, female rabbis have
experienced a range of
unwelcome approaches.
Nearly half of respondents,
47 percent, said they had
been faced with unsolicited
touching or closeness within
the context of their work.
Twenty-three percent said
someone had tried to fondle
or kiss them, and 12 percent
said they had been pressured
for dates or other activities
with a sexual overtone.
Seventeen percent said they
had received letters and
calls of a sexual nature.
Nearly two-thirds of the
rabbis — 65 percent — said
they had received unwanted
sexual comments or had
been told sexual jokes on the
job.
Most of the rabbis — 68
percent — reported that they
were harassed by laypeople,
29 percent were harassed by
another rabbi and 12 percent
by a colleague who was not a
rabbi.
And the harassment often
preceded their ordination.
While in rabbinical school,
40 percent of the rabbis said
they heard derogatory com-
ments about women during
Discrimination was
defined as denial
of equal pay or
benefits.
classes and 23 percent had
been discouraged from
becoming a rabbi by pro-
fessors or administrators.
Eight percent said they
were sexually harassed, and
19 percent said they had
been faced with inap-
propriate sexual behavior
from professors or admin-
istrators.
Five percent said they
were harassed by other
students, and 10 percent
said they had dealt with in-
appropriate sexual behavior
from their peers.
In all, a plurality of 43 per-
cent said that being a
woman put them at a disad-
vantage in their training to
become a rabbi.
After graduation, the dis-
crimination and harassment
picture did not brighten for
these women.
Half the respondents said
they had not been offered a
job because they are women.
Nearly that many, 47 per-
cent, said they had been
offered a lower salary than a
male colleague for the same
job because of their gender.
Almost half, 48 percent,